TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv
CHAPTER ONE. 1
INTRODUCTION. 1
1.1 Background To The Study. 1
1.2 Statement Of The Problem.. 3
1.3 Objectives Of The Study. 4
1.4 Research Questions. 4
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 5
1.6 Significance Of The Study. 5
1.7 Scope Of The Study. 6
1.8 Limitations Of The Study. 6
1.9 Organization Of The Study. 7
1.10 Definition Of Terms. 8
CHAPTER TWO.. 10
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 10
2.1 Introduction. 10
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 10
2.2.1 Behavioral Learning Theory. 10
2.2.2 Social Learning Theory. 11
2.2.3 Adult Learning Theory (Andragogy) 11
2.2.4 Systems Theory. 11
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 12
2.3.1 Overview.. 12
2.3.2 The Importance Of OHS Training. 12
2.3.3 Current Landscape Of OHS Training In Nigeria. 13
2.3.4 Regulatory Framework. 13
2.3.5 Methodologies Of OHS Training. 13
2.3.6 Impact On Employee Awareness. 14
2.3.7 Challenges In Implementation. 14
2.3.8 Cultural Factors And Attitudes. 14
2.3.9 Evaluating Training Effectiveness. 14
2.4 Empirical Review.. 15
2.5 Summary Of Chapters. 17
CHAPTER THREE. 18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 18
3.1 Research Design. 18
3.2 Study Area. 18
3.3 Population Of The Study. 19
3.4 Sample Size And Sampling Technique. 19
3.5 Data Collection Instruments. 19
3.6 Validity And Reliability Of Instruments. 20
3.7 Data Collection Procedure. 20
3.8 Method Of Data Analysis. 21
3.9 Ethical Considerations. 21
CHAPTER FOUR. 22
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION. 22
4.1 Preamble. 22
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics Of Respondents. 22
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 27
4.3 Analysis Of The Respondents’ Views On Research Question One: 27
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 40
4.5 Discussion of Findings. 43
CHAPTER FIVE. 46
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 46
5.1 Summary of Findings. 46
5.2 Conclusion. 46
5.3 Recommendations. 47
REFERENCES. 49
APENDICES. 53
APENDIX I; RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE. 53
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background To The Study
Workers make up half of the global workforce and play a significant role in socioeconomic growth (Berman & Larson, 1993). Therefore, the quality of occupational health services in the workplace has a significant impact on their health (Haldane, 2020). Occupational health refers to the provision of comprehensive (personal and impersonal) health services to employees through preventive, curative and rehabilitative treatments to improve their quality of life (Park, 2005). It is also referred to as the influence of the work environment on workers' health and productivity (Curran, 1993).
Worldwide, protecting workers from work-related injuries and illnesses has been an issue of great importance to workers, employees, governments and the general public for years (Tonozzi et al., 2016). A safe work environment promotes employees' mental and social well-being. The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that approximately 270 million work-related accidents are recorded worldwide each year, resulting in approximately 2 million deaths (ILO, 2005).
OHS training is a planned effort to facilitate the learning of OHS-specific competencies (Cohen et al., 1998). Health and safety training helps workers recognize and manage risks, practice safe work habits, use protective gear correctly, and know what to do in emergencies. It also points them to places where they can learn more about potential dangers. This training gives both workers and managers the tools to make the workplace safer (Noe, 2005). As Nigeria's industries grow, effective health and safety training becomes more crucial due to the rising workplace hazards. Research indicates that proper training can reduce accidents and enhance employees' understanding of safety protocols (Nwachukwu et al., 2021; Ojo & Abiola, 2022).
This evaluation aims to determine how well occupational health and safety training programs in Nigeria work, with an emphasis on how they affect employee conduct and organizational safety culture. Even though there are safety laws and training programs in place, different sectors continue to implement them differently. Agbo and Bako (2020) note that many organizations face difficulties in delivering comprehensive training due to limited resources and a lack of awareness about OHS standards, resulting in low compliance and higher accident risks. Moreover, challenges such as a lack of qualified trainers and insufficient management commitment continue to impede the effective implementation of workplace safety practices (Ilo, 2019; Adeola & Olatunji, 2023).
Recent research highlights the need for a more systematic approach to OHS training and emphasizes the importance of integrating training programs with organizational goals and employee feedback (Ogunyemi & Ojo, 2022). Effective training should not only focus on compliance, but also promote a proactive safety culture among employees. This can be achieved through interactive training methods, regular assessments and continuous improvement processes (Chukwu & Ijeoma, 2023). The assessment examines different training methods, their outcomes and their compliance with international best practices in occupational health and safety.Top of Form
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1.2 Statement Of The Problem
Despite the growing recognition of the importance of occupational health and safety (OHS) training programs in Nigeria, many organizations continue to face significant challenges in effectively implementing these initiatives. A considerable number of workplaces still exhibit high rates of accidents and health-related issues, suggesting that existing training programs are either inadequate or poorly executed (Nwachukwu et al., 2021). Factors such as limited access to resources, lack of qualified trainers, and insufficient employee engagement hinder the development of a robust safety culture. Furthermore, a disconnect often exists between regulatory frameworks and the practical application of OHS training, leading to a gap in compliance and effectiveness (Ojo & Abiola, 2022).
Additionally, the effectiveness of OHS training programs varies widely across different sectors, indicating a need for a more tailored approach to training that addresses the specific risks and requirements of each industry. Many organizations fail to adapt training content to reflect real workplace hazards, resulting in low retention of safety knowledge among employees (Ilo, 2019). This lack of contextualization undermines the potential benefits of training programs, as employees may not see the relevance of the training to their specific roles. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of OHS training effectiveness in Nigeria is essential to identify these gaps and develop strategies that can enhance the overall safety and health outcomes in the workplace.Top of Form
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1.3 Objectives Of The Study
The main objective of the study is to examine An assessment of The effectiveness of occupational health and safety (OHS) training programs in Nigeria Specific objectives of the study are:
- To assess the Alignment of OHS Training Programs with Industry Needs and Regulatory Requirements
- To evaluate the Effectiveness of OHS Training Programs in Improving Workplace Safety and Health
- To identify Gaps and Challenges in OHS Training Programs and Propose Recommendations for Improvement
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- To what extent do existing OHS training programs in Nigeria align with the specific needs and challenges of different industries?
- Does participation in OHS training programs lead to a significant reduction in workplace accidents, injuries, and illnesses?
- What are the primary gaps and challenges in the design, delivery, and evaluation of OHS training programs in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no significant difference in workplace safety outcomes between employees who have undergone occupational health and safety (OHS) training programs and those who have not in Nigeria.
1.6 Significance Of The Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Occupational Health & Safety sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organizations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope Of The Study
The study is delimited to Exxon Mobil, Nigeria. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations Of The Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization Of The Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition Of Terms
1. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
A multidisciplinary field focused on the protection and promotion of the health, safety, and welfare of individuals engaged in work or employment. It encompasses regulations, practices, and training aimed at preventing workplace injuries and illnesses.
2. Training Program
A structured educational initiative designed to enhance the knowledge, skills, and competencies of individuals regarding OHS principles, practices, and regulations. This can include workshops, seminars, online courses, and hands-on training.
3. Effectiveness
A measure of how well OHS training programs achieve their intended outcomes, including the reduction of workplace accidents, improved safety awareness, and the overall enhancement of workers' health and safety culture.
4. Compliance
Adherence to established laws, regulations, and standards regarding workplace safety and health. This includes the implementation of OHS guidelines and practices mandated by local and international authorities.
5. Risk Assessment
The systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing potential hazards in the workplace, followed by the application of appropriate measures to minimize or eliminate these risks.
6. Performance Indicators
Specific metrics used to evaluate the success of OHS training programs. These may include rates of workplace accidents, employee feedback, and knowledge retention assessments.
7. Cultural Competence
The ability of OHS training programs to address and respect the diverse cultural backgrounds and practices of workers in Nigeria, ensuring that training is relevant, accessible, and effective for all participants.
