THE ROLE OF NIGERIA IN REGIONAL SECURITY AND STABILITY IN WEST AFRICA (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (NIIA), ABUJA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background to the Study

Throughout history, West Africa has experienced significant impacts from many global events, including slavery, colonialism, independence movements, post-colonialism, the Cold War, the post-Cold War period, globalization, and the ongoing post-9/11 Global War on Terror Events had a significant impact on the security landscape in the region (Abubakar et al., 2024). Regional security and stability have therefore become key concerns for many West African nations. Among the major players in the region, Nigeria stands out for its political, economic and military influence.

 

Nigeria plays a role in regional security governance at two levels: the sub-regional level in West Africa and the continental level of Africa. These two roles are interrelated and can reinforce each other. Yet they differ in that Nigeria is the clear regional leader in West Africa, where it originates and dominates the security architecture; while competing as a leading country at the African level (Haastrup & Lopez 2014). Since gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria has actively participated in regional peacekeeping efforts and conflict resolution initiatives, contributing significantly to stability in neighboring countries (UNDP, 2020). The country's military capabilities and diplomatic reach underscore its role as a stabilizing force amid the complex security challenges facing West Africa today (ECOWAS, 2021).

Nigeria has historically demonstrated a commitment to peacebuilding and conflict prevention by engaging in mediation efforts and deploying troops under the auspices of regional organizations such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union (AU) (AU, 2019). . These efforts have contributed significantly to combating transnational threats such as terrorism, piracy and organized crime that threaten regional stability (IFAD, 2022).

 

Nigeria's leadership in ECOWAS has been particularly influential, using its economic and military capabilities to promote cooperation and collective security among member states (ECOWAS, 2021). Over the years, the country has been the main supporter of ECOWAS, paying more than a third of the sub-regional organization's budget as well as supporting various forms of assistance to its neighbors. Within the West African subregion, Nigeria has sought to manage intergovernmental relations within the framework of ECOWAS and other bilateral arrangements with its neighbors.

 

In this context, it has made the promotion of peace and security a primary consideration, based on the belief that economic development and regional integration cannot be superimposed on an unstable region. Nigeria in ECOWAS strongly believes that fully integrated West Africa, under democratic governments, with a shared vision and shared prosperity, highly interdependent for its livelihood, is unlikely to fight each other.

For this reason, ECOWAS has developed the most advanced mechanisms and instruments in the areas of regional integration and peacebuilding (Ebegbulem, 2020). Apart from the organization's already achieved successes in promoting the free movement of persons and goods and trade. In the wake of liberalization (abolition of visa requirements, introduction of the ECOWAS passport, etc.), the regional organization has established peace and security arrangements, in particular ECQMOG, which was responsible for restoring peace and stability to Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau etc. (Ebegbulem, 2020).

 

Nigeria has also used non-military, diplomatic means to assist other West African countries in crises that could lead to serious internal conflict if not nipped in the bud. In São Tomé and Príncipe, for example, it took the personal diplomacy of then Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo to reverse the military coup in that country that returned President Fradique de Menezes to power in 2003. Similar efforts were made in Togo to ensure the return to constitutional rule following the death of President Gnassingbe Eyedema (Ebegbulem, 2020). Equally significant is the steady progress made in peacefully resolving the long-standing dispute between Nigeria and Cameroon over the Bakassi Peninsula following the October 2002 ruling of the International Court of Justice.

Contrary to widespread fears, Nigeria and Cameroon did not go to war as both countries chose the path of peace in implementing the ruling (Ebegbulem, 2020). Furthermore, Nigeria's economic influence in the region strengthens its role in security issues. as stability is closely linked to economic development and regional integration (World Bank, 2023). By promoting trade and economic cooperation, Nigeria contributes to a more resilient West Africa and mitigates socio-economic factors that can worsen insecurity (IMF, 2022).

 

However, challenges such as internal conflicts, governance issues and resource management continue to test Nigeria's ability to maintain regional stability (Chatham House, 2021). Addressing these challenges requires not only strong military and diplomatic engagement, but also sustained efforts in governance reform and economic development (Chatham House, 2021).

 

1.2   Statement of the Problem

The role of Nigeria in enhancing regional security and stability in West Africa is a critical issue amidst the region's complex geopolitical landscape. Despite Nigeria's significant military capabilities and economic influence, challenges such as internal conflicts, insurgencies, and cross-border criminal activities continue to threaten stability (Chatham House, 2021). Moreover, the proliferation of non-state armed groups, exacerbated by porous borders and weak governance structures in neighboring countries, poses a persistent security challenge that Nigeria must navigate (World Bank, 2023). These factors highlight the pressing need to assess Nigeria's effectiveness in mitigating transnational threats and promoting cooperative security frameworks within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union (AU).

As Nigeria grapples with these security challenges, questions arise regarding the adequacy of its military strategies and diplomatic engagements in fostering lasting stability across West Africa. The country's role as a regional leader necessitates a nuanced approach that integrates security initiatives with sustainable development efforts and governance reforms (UNDP, 2020). Addressing these complexities requires a thorough examination of Nigeria's capacity to lead regional security responses effectively and to collaborate with international partners in enhancing collective security mechanisms (ECOWAS, 2021).Top of Form

 

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the role of Nigeria in regional security and stability in West Africa. Specific objectives of the study are:

1. To analyze the influence of Nigeria's military capabilities on regional security interventions.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Nigeria's economic power in promoting regional stability.
3. To examine the challenges and opportunities for Nigeria's domestic stability to influence regional security.

1.4 Research Questions

To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:

1. How has the size and training of the Nigerian military impacted its ability to participate in peacekeeping missions within West Africa?
2. To what extent does Nigeria's financial contribution to regional organizations like ECOWAS influence its role in shaping security policies?
3. In what ways do internal security issues within Nigeria, like the Boko Haram insurgency, limit its ability to effectively contribute to regional security?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between Nigeria's actions and regional security and stability in West Africa.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:

Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the International Relations sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.

Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.

Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study is delimited to Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA), Abuja.  Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.

1.9 Organization of the Study

The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.

Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.

Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.

Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.

Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.

1.10 Definition of Terms

1.  Regional Security

 The collective efforts and measures taken by countries within a specific geographical area, such as West Africa, to address and mitigate security threats that affect the stability and well-being of the region as a whole.

2. Stability

Refers to the condition where the political, social, and economic systems of a country or region are relatively predictable, allowing for peaceful coexistence and development without major disruptions or conflicts.

3.  Counterterrorism

The actions and strategies undertaken by governments and international bodies to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism within a region. In the context of Nigeria and West Africa, this includes efforts to combat groups like Boko Haram and other extremist organizations.

4.  Peacekeeping

 The deployment of military, police, and civilian personnel from various countries to help maintain peace and security in conflict zones or post-conflict areas. Nigeria has contributed troops to several peacekeeping missions in West Africa, such as in Liberia and Sierra Leone.

5.  Non-State Actors

 Entities or groups that operate independently of government authority or control, often exerting influence through various means, including violence or advocacy. In West Africa, non-state actors can include rebel groups, militias, criminal organizations, and extremist factions.

6.  Economic Integration

 The process by which countries in a region coordinate and harmonize their economic policies and systems to promote trade, investment, and development. Nigeria plays a pivotal role in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), facilitating economic integration efforts that contribute to regional stability.

7.  Humanitarian Assistance

 Aid and support provided to populations affected by conflict, natural disasters, or other emergencies. Nigeria's involvement in regional security often includes efforts to provide humanitarian assistance to displaced persons and communities affected by violence and instability in West Africa.

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