THE IMPACT OF ARTISANAL FISHING ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN INSTITUTE FOR OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE RESEARCH (NIOMR), ABUJA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background to the Study

Nigeria is blessed with over 14 million hectares of reservoirs, lakes, ponds and major rivers capable of producing over 980,000 tonnes of fish annually. Based on water resources, fisheries can be broadly divided into artisanal fisheries (85%), industrial fisheries (14%) and cultural fisheries (1%) (Federal Fisheries Office [FDF], 2013; Ele & Nkang, 2014). Coastal areas cover 8 percent of the world's surface, are home to 70 percent of the human population, provide 90 percent of the world's fish catch, and provide 40 percent of the estimated economic value from ecosystem goods and services.

 

Annual fish consumption/demand in Nigeria is estimated to be over 1.3 million tonnes, while total domestic production is only about 450,000 tonnes per year (Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], 2000; Nkang & Effiong, 2014). According to FDF (2013), Nigeria spends N125.38 billion annually on fish imports, the current fish stock demand in Nigeria was over 2.66 million tons per year while the current import rate is over 680,000 tons. The country's total local fish production is currently estimated at 551,700 tons per year, which is expected to increase to about 700,000 tons in 2015, with an average import of 600,000 tons. 

 

Artisanal or small-scale fishing operations dominate the fishing industry in Nigeria, employing small, traditional, largely unmotorized boats, simple hand-operated equipment and small boats that are very labor intensive. Artisanal fishing is a vital source of livelihood and sustenance for many coastal communities in Nigeria, particularly in regions such as Bayelsa, Lagos and the Niger Delta. Small-scale fisheries, often using traditional methods, account for over 80% of the country's domestic fish production (FAO, 2023). Apart from being crucial for regional food security, these fisheries also significantly boost the nation's economy. However, the harm this technique does to marine ecosystems is causing increasing concern. 

 

According to FishNet Alliance (2023), continued overfishing and unsustainable fishing practices are seriously endangering marine biodiversity. The environmental impacts of artisanal fishing in Nigeria are exacerbated by increasing anthropogenic activities. Coastal areas such as Ibeju-Lekki in Lagos experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization, resulting in significant pollution of marine habitats. Studies have shown that water quality in these areas is often affected by pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals and agricultural runoff (MDPI, 2024). These pollutants damage vital ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs, which serve as important breeding and nursery areas for many marine animals. The subsequent continuous drop in fish numbers and loss of biodiversity have an impact on both marine ecosystems and artisanal fishers' livelihoods.

 

Despite these challenges, traditional conservation practices are being explored as solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of artisanal fishing. In Nigeria, a large number of fishing communities manage their local resources by creating protected areas, prohibiting fishing during certain seasons, and using customs to preserve particular species. The Argungu Fishing Festival in Kebbi State, for instance, is a prime example of combining conservation and cultural heritage while emphasizing sustainable fishing methods (FishNet Alliance, 2023).

 

Nonetheless, the effectiveness of these programs in protecting marine habitats on a larger scale is hampered due to a lack of adequate legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. Addressing these issues calls for a more integrated approach to marine conservation. Along with creating marine protected areas (MPAs) in strategic locations, policymakers also need to incorporate traditional knowledge with modern scientific research and engage local fishermen.

 

Tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to monitor fish stocks and ecosystems to ensure that fisheries management is both effective and sustainable (UNECA, 2024).  Additionally, national policies should better support artisanal fishing communities and promote sustainable practices that protect Nigeria's rich marine biodiversity while securing the future of small-scale fisheries.

 

1.2   Statement of the Problem

The impact of artisanal fishing on marine ecosystems in Nigeria presents a growing concern for both the environment and the livelihoods of coastal communities. Artisanal fisheries, which account for over 80% of the country's fish production, often use unsustainable fishing methods such as small-mesh nets, overfishing, and destructive techniques like dynamite fishing (FishNet Alliance, 2023). These practices lead to overexploitation of marine resources, depletion of fish stocks, and the degradation of crucial marine habitats, including mangroves and coral reefs. The decline in marine biodiversity is compounded by environmental pollution from industrial and agricultural activities, further threatening the stability of Nigeria's coastal ecosystems (FAO, 2023).

The problem is exacerbated by the lack of effective management and enforcement of sustainable fisheries practices. While traditional conservation strategies, such as seasonal fishing bans and the establishment of community-protected zones, are in place in some regions, these efforts often lack the support and coordination required for large-scale impact. Inadequate legal frameworks and the absence of a comprehensive marine management strategy hinder the potential for sustainable artisanal fisheries. This not only jeopardizes the health of marine ecosystems but also undermines the long-term viability of the artisanal fishing sector that millions of Nigerians depend on for their livelihoods (FAO, 2023). Thus, addressing the ecological impacts of artisanal fishing is urgent for ensuring the sustainability of both the marine environment and the fishing communities in Nigeria.Top of Form

 

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of artisanal fishing on marine ecosystems in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:

1. To assess the impact of artisanal fishing on fish populations and species diversity.
2. To evaluate the impact of artisanal fishing on marine habitats and ecosystems.
3. To examine the socioeconomic impact of artisanal fishing on coastal communities.

1.4 Research Questions

To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:

1. How have fish populations and species diversity changed in areas with high artisanal fishing activity compared to areas with low activity?
2. How have marine habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass beds, been affected by artisanal fishing practices?
3. How does artisanal fishing contribute to the livelihoods and food security of coastal communities?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:

Ho: There is no significant impact of artisanal fishing on marine ecosystems in Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:

Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Fishery sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.

Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analyzed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organization’s used as a case study.

Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study is delimited to Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR), Abuja. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.

1.9 Organization of the Study

The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.

Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.

Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.

Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.

Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.

1.10 Definition of Terms

1. Artisanal Fishing

 Small-scale, traditional fishing practices often characterized by the use of simple tools such as nets, hooks, and small boats. It is typically carried out by coastal communities for subsistence or local trade.

1. Marine Ecosystems

 Complex habitats in the ocean and coastal areas, including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrasses, and open water, which support diverse marine species and are crucial for maintaining ecological balance.

1. Biodiversity

The variety and variability of life forms within a given ecosystem, including different species of fish, invertebrates, plants, and microorganisms that contribute to the stability and resilience of marine environments.

1. Overfishing

 The practice of catching fish at a rate that exceeds their natural reproduction capacity, leading to a decline in fish populations and potential disruption of marine food webs.

1. Habitat Degradation

The damage or destruction of natural habitats, such as coral reefs and mangroves, due to human activities like fishing, pollution, or coastal development, which negatively impacts marine life.

1. Sustainable Fishing Practices

Methods of fishing that ensure the long-term health and productivity of fish stocks and marine ecosystems, often involving regulated catch sizes, fishing seasons, and the use of eco-friendly gear.

1. Bycatch

 Non-target species that are unintentionally caught during fishing activities, which can include juvenile fish, sea turtles, and other marine animals, often leading to population declines and ecosystem imbalances.

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