THE ROLE OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN PUBLIC EDUCATION IN NIGERIA (NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR MUSEUMS AND MONUMENTS (NCMM), ABUJA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background to the Study

Nigeria, a country with more than 200 million inhabitants, covers an area of 923,768 km² and is located in the eastern part of the West African region. There are prehistoric sites in the various regions of Nigeria ranging from the Early Stone Age, Mesolithic, Late Stone Age/Neolithic, Iron Age and the beginning of urbanization. There were numerous pre-colonial empires, states, and political systems in the region that is now Nigeria, and there is a wealth of archaeological evidence in the area (Folorunso, 2021). 

 

Archaeology is a branch of science that examines and interprets the cultural remnants of past generations to study man and his behavior, contrary to popular belief that it is the study of "prehistoric relics." These remains may include artifacts such as tools, household items, weapons, structures, and ornaments, as well as biological remains of plants, animals, or humans. In this context, archeology shares a fundamental goal with other anthropological fields and, to some extent, with sociology: the goal is to comprehensively understand human behavior and interactions in relation to environmental development (Egbefo, 2014). This field not only promotes a better understanding of Nigeria's historical narrative, but it also helps its citizens feel proud of who they are.

 

Moreso, according to Okafor (2020), archeological research offers important insights into ancient societies, such as the Nok culture, which flourished around 1000 BCE. B. C. and is important to Nigeria's historical background. Encouraging public interaction with these archaeological discoveries fosters a deeper comprehension and admiration of the rich cultural diversity of the nation. Scholars have recognized the apparent benefits in opening access to archaeological data to the public together with the opportunity to progress the field. As unknown to the public, there is a remaining loophole regarding popular knowledge of archaeology and its relevance.

 

Although, archaeology has a relatively old history in Nigeria the public awareness and the perception of the discipline are still very low. In a study conducted by Folorunso (2020), the author ascertained that out of 200 students from different secondary schools in Ibadan, only 31% of the respondents had any understanding of what archaeology is and what archaeologist do. Even some groups wishing to see more archaeological programming have become aware of the topic because of such cable channels as Discovery, National Geographic, and History; but what they often know of the subject is a sensationalist account of some recent discoveries along with TV reruns. This has prompted research into the existence of related archaeological discoveries. 

 

Public education, by definition, includes instruction for children at primary, secondary or post-secondary levels that is financed from government sources rather than private sources. Consequently, public education is generally accessible to all (Akeke and Egbula, 2024). When archaeological sites are integrated into public education programs, they become essential resources for both formal and informal learning contexts. As Abumere (2019) notes, educational institutions and local communities benefit from initiatives that use archaeological finds to teach history and culture. Such applied learning style promotes participation and reflection and helps students make connections between what they learn in their textbooks and what actually occurs in the host community. Hence, the need for archaeological education cannot be overemphasized as the national education policy of Nigeria recognizes and encourages the content of local history to be taught in schools (Federal Republic of Nigeria 2004).

 

Promoting archaeological heritage through museums and community events is crucial to encouraging public engagement. Organizations such as the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) are taking initiatives that highlight artifacts and archaeological sites, making history more accessible to a wider audience. According to Olasupo (2021), these projects do not only enhance knowledge rather; they also create awareness about local tourism and heritage. For instance, community partnership with archaeologist leads to the conservation of the cultural heritage and encourages other activities that will be relevant to the future generations. This study examines the impact of archeology on public education in Nigeria, particularly emphasizing the contributions of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM).

1.2   Statement of the Problem

Despite Nigeria's rich archaeological heritage, there remains a significant gap in public education regarding the importance and implications of these historical findings. Many citizens are unaware of the profound connections between archaeology and their cultural identities, leading to a disconnection from their historical roots. According to Abumere (2019), the lack of effective educational programs that incorporate archaeological insights hinders a comprehensive understanding of Nigeria's diverse cultural landscape. This disconnect not only limits public engagement with archaeological sites but also undermines efforts to promote heritage conservation, resulting in the potential loss of invaluable historical knowledge.

 

Moreover, existing educational frameworks in Nigeria often overlook the incorporation of local history, thereby diminishing the role of archaeology in fostering national pride and social cohesion. As noted by Ibrahim (2022), the absence of targeted initiatives to integrate archaeological education into school curricula perpetuates a narrow view of history that does not reflect the complexity of Nigeria's past. This gap in education poses challenges for future generations, as they may lack the necessary awareness and appreciation for their cultural heritage, ultimately affecting community identity and heritage preservation efforts. Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing public education and fostering a deeper connection to Nigeria's archaeological legacy.Top of Form

 

 

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the role of archaeology in public education in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:

1. To assess the Current State of Archaeological Education in Nigerian Public Schools
2. To explore the Potential Benefits of Incorporating Archaeology into Public Education
3. To identify Challenges and Opportunities for Integrating Archaeology into Public Education

1.4 Research Questions

To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:

1. What is the level of integration of archaeological content into the current curriculum of Nigerian public schools at different levels?
2. What are the potential benefits of integrating archaeological knowledge into the public education system in Nigeria, including contributions to cultural identity, national pride, and civic engagement?
3. What are the primary challenges that hinder the effective integration of archaeology into the public education system in Nigeria, such as lack of resources, teacher training, or curriculum development?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:

Ho: There is no significant impact of archaeology on public education and cultural awareness in Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:

Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Archaeology sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.

Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analyzed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.

Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study is delimited to National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM), Abuja. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.

1.9 Organization of the Study

The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.

Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.

Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.

Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.

Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.

1.10 Definition of Terms

1.  Archaeology

The scientific study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts, structures, and cultural landscapes, aiming to understand past human behavior and societies.

2.  Public Education

 The process of providing knowledge and information to the general populace, often through formal and informal channels, to enhance awareness and understanding of cultural heritage, history, and scientific disciplines.

3.  Cultural Heritage

 The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society, encompassing monuments, traditions, languages, and knowledge systems that are valued for their historical significance and cultural identity.

4.  Community Engagement

 Involvement of local populations in archaeological projects and educational programs, fostering collaboration and ensuring that archaeological practices are inclusive and respectful of community perspectives and values.

5.  Heritage Preservation

The practice of protecting and conserving historical sites, artifacts, and cultural landscapes to ensure their longevity for future generations and to maintain the integrity of cultural identity.

6.  Interpretive Programs

 Educational initiatives designed to help the public understand and appreciate archaeological findings, often involving workshops, exhibitions, guided tours, and interactive activities that highlight the relevance of archaeology to contemporary society.

7.  Public Archaeology

 A branch of archaeology focused on making archaeological knowledge accessible to the public, often through community outreach, participatory projects, and educational programs that promote awareness of the importance of preserving cultural heritage.

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