Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study.. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 9
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.8 Limitations of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 10
CHAPTER TWO.. 13
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 13
2.1 Introduction.. 13
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 13
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 15
2.4 Empirical Review.. 18
2.5 Summary of Literature Review.. 21
Chapter Three.. 22
Research Methodology.. 22
3.1 Introduction.. 22
3.2 Research Design.. 22
3.3 Population and Sample Size.. 22
3.4 Sampling Techniques. 23
3.5 Data Collection Methods. 23
3.6 Data Analysis. 24
3.7 Ethical Considerations. 25
3.8 Validity and Reliability.. 25
3.9 Limitations of the Study.. 25
3.10 Conclusion.. 26
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 27
4.1 Preamble.. 27
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 27
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.. 30
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one:. 30
:- Mean for Item one =3.19 N/B: This is applicable to all items.. 36
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 37
CHAPTER FIVE.. 41
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 41
5.1 Summary of Findings. 41
5.2 Conclusion.. 42
5.3 Recommendations. 43
REFERENCES.. 44
Research Questionnaire: The Influence of Social Interactions on Animal Behavior in Nigeria (A Case Study of Port Harcourt Zoo). 47
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Understanding animal behavior within the context of social interactions is a fundamental aspect of ecological and behavioral studies. In Nigeria, a country rich in biodiversity, the influence of social interactions on animal behavior holds significant importance. Whether it be within the intricate dynamics of primate communities, the communal behaviors of avian species, or the hierarchical structures of mammalian groups, social interactions play a pivotal role in shaping behavioral patterns. This introductory exploration seeks to delve into the diverse realms of Nigerian wildlife, examining the profound impact of social interactions on their behavioral repertoires.
The social behaviors exhibited by animals in Nigeria are often shaped by a myriad of factors, including resource availability, environmental conditions, and evolutionary history. For instance, studies on Nigerian chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) have revealed complex social structures characterized by alliances, dominance hierarchies, and cooperative behaviors. These findings underscore the intricate interplay between social dynamics and behavioral patterns within primate communities (Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee Conservation Program, 2018).
Furthermore, avian species in Nigeria demonstrate fascinating social behaviors, ranging from intricate mating rituals to cooperative breeding strategies. For example, the sociable weaver (Philetairus socius), found in the northern regions of Nigeria, exhibits remarkable communal nesting behaviors, with multiple individuals contributing to the construction and maintenance of expansive nests (Okonkwo & Nnadozie, 2020). Such communal efforts highlight the significance of social interactions in facilitating cooperative behaviors among avian populations.
Moreover, the influence of social interactions extends to various mammalian species inhabiting the diverse ecosystems of Nigeria. From the intricate communication networks of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) to the collaborative hunting strategies of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), social dynamics profoundly shape behavioral repertoires (IUCN, 2016; Williams et al., 2019). By examining the complexities of social interactions among Nigerian wildlife, we gain valuable insights into the adaptive significance of behavioral strategies in response to social and environmental pressures.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Understanding the influence of social interactions on animal behavior in Nigeria is crucial for various reasons, yet several gaps remain in current research. Firstly, while studies have shed light on the social dynamics of certain species, such as chimpanzees and sociable weavers, there exists a need for a comprehensive examination across a broader spectrum of Nigerian wildlife. Secondly, the impact of anthropogenic activities, such as habitat fragmentation and climate change, on social interactions and subsequent behavioral adaptations in animals remains understudied. Addressing these gaps is essential for informing conservation strategies tailored to mitigate the effects of human-induced changes on wildlife behavior in Nigeria (Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee Conservation Program, 2018; Okonkwo & Nnadozie, 2020).
Moreover, the complexity of social structures and behavioral patterns within Nigerian animal communities necessitates a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving these interactions. By elucidating how factors like resource availability, competition, and cooperation shape social behaviors, researchers can better predict and manage the responses of wildlife to environmental changes. Furthermore, investigating the implications of social disruptions, such as poaching and habitat loss, on animal societies is imperative for devising effective conservation strategies that safeguard both the ecological integrity and the behavioral diversity of Nigerian wildlife (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2016; Williams et al., 2019).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine the influence of social interactions on animal behavior in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:
- 1. To understand how social interactions influence foraging behavior in a specific group of social birds in Nigeria.
- 2. To investigate the role of social interactions in predator avoidance among social mammals in different Nigerian habitats.
- To explore the influence of social interactions on breeding success in a specific fish species in Nigerian freshwater ecosystems.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- Does the presence of conspecifics members of the same species influence the foraging efficiency of individuals in a colony of nesting birds in Nigeria?
- Does group size and social structure within troops of primates in Nigeria affect their vigilance behavior scanning for predators?
- Do cooperative breeding behaviors where multiple fish care for eggs influence the hatching and survival rates of offspring in a social fish species in Nigerian freshwater lakes?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no statistical significant relationship between social interactions and animal behavior in Nigeria.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Zoology sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Port Harcourt Zoo. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
