Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study.. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 9
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.8 Limitations of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 10
1.10 Definition of Terms. 11
CHAPTER TWO.. 16
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 16
2.1 Introduction.. 16
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 16
2.2.1 Biopsychosocial Model of Chronic Illness Theory.. 16
2.2.2 Cognitive-Behavioral Impact Theory.. 17
2.2.3 Social Role Theory.. 17
Social role theory suggests that individuals with chronic illnesses, such as CKD, may face challenges in fulfilling their social roles due to anxiety and depression. This difficulty in role fulfillment can lead to decreased engagement in productive activities, both within and outside of the healthcare setting. The loss of role functionality can diminish a patient's sense of purpose and productivity, affecting their overall quality of life.. 17
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 17
2.4 Empirical Review.. 21
2.5 Summary of Literature Review.. 23
Chapter Three.. 24
Research Methodology.. 24
3.1 Introduction.. 24
3.2 Research Design.. 24
3.3 Population and Sample.. 24
3.4 Data Collection Methods. 25
3.5 Data Analysis. 26
3.7 Limitations. 29
3.8 Summary.. 29
CHAPTER FOUR.. 30
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 30
4.1 Preamble.. 30
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 31
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.. 35
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one:. 35
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 45
Discussion of Findings. 49
CHAPTER FIVE.. 51
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 51
Impact of Anxiety on Productivity.. 51
Conclusion.. 54
Recommendations. 54
REFERENCE.. 57
Research Questionnaire.. 60
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) presents a multifaceted challenge that extends beyond its physiological manifestations, impacting various aspects of patients' lives, including their mental health and productivity. In the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, this intersection of CKD with psychological distress such as anxiety and depression has become a significant concern. The chronic nature of CKD, characterized by gradual loss of kidney function, places considerable emotional and psychological burdens on patients, often resulting in diminished productivity and overall quality of life (National Kidney Foundation, 2021). Anxiety and depression in CKD patients have been linked to impaired cognitive function and reduced ability to manage daily activities, further complicating their health outcomes (Foley et al., 2022).
Research indicates that mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression, can exacerbate the physical symptoms of CKD, leading to a vicious cycle that hampers patients' ability to adhere to treatment regimens and engage in productive activities (Kimmel et al., 2021). In the context of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, the interplay between CKD and psychological distress is critical, given the resource constraints and the diverse patient population served. The prevalence of mental health disorders among CKD patients in this region is significant, with studies suggesting that up to 40% of CKD patients experience clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety or depression (Alhassan et al., 2023).
The impact of anxiety and depression on productivity among CKD patients can be profound, affecting their ability to perform daily tasks, maintain employment, and adhere to treatment protocols. Productivity loss is not only a personal concern but also a broader economic issue, with implications for healthcare systems and societal resources (World Health Organization, 2023). In Maiduguri, where healthcare resources are limited, understanding this dynamic is essential for developing targeted interventions that address both the psychological and physiological aspects of CKD management (Nwojo et al., 2022).
Addressing the mental health needs of CKD patients is crucial for improving their overall productivity and quality of life. Integrated care approaches that combine nephrology with mental health services have shown promise in mitigating the adverse effects of anxiety and depression on CKD patients (Hedayati et al., 2023). By focusing on comprehensive care strategies, healthcare providers at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital can enhance patient outcomes and better support the productivity and well-being of CKD patients in the region.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) significantly impacts patients' lives, extending beyond physical health to encompass psychological well-being and daily productivity. In the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, the burden of CKD is compounded by high levels of anxiety and depression among patients. These mental health issues are known to exacerbate the challenges of managing a chronic condition, leading to decreased adherence to treatment regimens, impaired cognitive function, and diminished quality of life (Kimmel et al., 2021). The prevalence of these psychological conditions among CKD patients in this region poses a critical problem, as it influences not only their health outcomes but also their ability to engage in productive activities.
The effect of anxiety and depression on productivity in CKD patients at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital remains under-explored, despite its potential to significantly impact patient care and resource allocation. Patients experiencing high levels of psychological distress are often less able to perform daily tasks, maintain employment, and adhere to their treatment plans, leading to increased healthcare utilization and potentially poorer health outcomes (Hedayati et al., 2023). This problem is particularly pressing in resource-constrained settings like Maiduguri, where effective management of CKD and its complications is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and maximizing the efficiency of available healthcare resources.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine Effect of anxiety and depression on productivity in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State. Specific objectives of the study are:
- To assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital.
- To determine the relationship between anxiety and depression and productivity in patients with CKD in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital.
- To explore the impact of anxiety and depression on the quality of life of patients with CKD in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What is the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with CKD in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital?
- Is there a significant correlation between anxiety and depression levels and productivity in patients with CKD?
- 3. What is the impact of anxiety and depression on the overall quality of life of patients with CKD?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no significant effect of anxiety and depression on productivity in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Public health sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
A progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. In CKD, the kidneys are unable to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood effectively, leading to various health complications. CKD is often categorized into stages, with advanced stages requiring interventions such as dialysis or kidney transplantation.
2. Anxiety
A mental health condition marked by excessive worry, nervousness, or fear that can interfere with daily activities and overall well-being. In the context of CKD, anxiety may stem from concerns about disease progression, treatment modalities, or lifestyle changes and can impact a patient's overall productivity and quality of life.
3. Depression
A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. In CKD patients, depression can arise due to the chronic nature of the illness, the impact of symptoms on daily life, and the burden of ongoing treatment, affecting both mental and physical well-being.
4. Productivity
The measure of a patient's ability to perform tasks and fulfill responsibilities in their personal, professional, or academic life. For CKD patients, productivity can be influenced by their physical health, mental health status (including anxiety and depression), and the side effects of treatment, potentially leading to reduced performance or absenteeism.
5.University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital
A major healthcare facility located in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, providing comprehensive medical care, including diagnosis, treatment, and management of various diseases, including Chronic Kidney Disease. The hospital serves as a primary site for studying the effects of mental health conditions on CKD patients’ productivity.
6. Effect
The impact or influence that one factor has on another. In this context, the effect refers to how anxiety and depression influence various aspects of productivity in CKD patients, including their ability to engage in work, maintain social relationships, and perform daily activities.
7. Borno State
A state in northeastern Nigeria where the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital is located. Borno State is relevant in this context as it provides the demographic and geographic setting for the study, which may include specific regional challenges and healthcare access issues that could affect CKD patients’ mental health and productivity.
