Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study.. 5
.. 7
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 9
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.8 Limitations of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 10
1.10 Definition of Terms. 11
CHAPTER TWO.. 15
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 15
2.1 Introduction.. 15
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 15
2.2.1 Wealth Literacy as a Determinant of Health Behavior Theory.. 16
2.2.2 The Socioeconomic Status and Health Literacy Theory.. 16
2.2.3 The Health System Accessibility Theory.. 16
2.2.4 Cultural Beliefs and Health Literacy Theory.. 16
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 17
2.4 Empirical Review.. 20
2.5 Summary of Literature Review.. 22
Chapter Three.. 23
Research Methodology.. 23
3.1 Research Design.. 23
3.2 Population of the Study.. 24
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques. 24
3.4 Instruments for Data Collection.. 25
3.5 Procedure for Data Collection.. 25
3.6 Validity and Reliability of Instruments. 26
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis. 26
3.8 Ethical Considerations. 27
CHAPTER FOUR.. 28
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 28
4.1 Preamble.. 28
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 28
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.. 33
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one:. 33
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 44
Discussion of Findings. 46
CHAPTER FIVE.. 48
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 48
5.1 Summary of Findings. 48
5.2 Conclusion.. 49
5.3 Recommendations. 50
REFERENCES.. 52
QUESTIONNAIRE.. 55
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Health literacy is a critical factor influencing health outcomes, particularly in resource-limited settings. In Nigeria, where diverse linguistic, cultural, and socio-economic factors shape healthcare access and quality, understanding the link between health literacy and health outcomes is crucial for improving public health interventions. Health literacy encompasses the ability to obtain, understand, and apply health information to make informed health decisions. The Nigerian context, with its complex healthcare system and varied educational levels, presents unique challenges and opportunities for addressing health literacy.
Research indicates that low health literacy is associated with poorer health outcomes, including higher rates of chronic disease and inadequate use of preventive services (Berkman et al., 2011). In Nigeria, studies have highlighted significant disparities in health literacy across different regions and socio-economic groups (Ogunfowokan et al., 2018). For instance, rural populations often face greater barriers to accessing health information compared to their urban counterparts (Akinbode et al., 2020). This disparity contributes to differences in health outcomes, as individuals with limited health literacy are less likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors and more likely to experience delays in seeking care (Abiodun et al., 2022).
Furthermore, the Nigerian healthcare system's complexity, characterized by a mix of public and private providers and varying levels of service quality, exacerbates the impact of health literacy on health outcomes (Ojo et al., 2019). The fragmented nature of healthcare delivery often leads to inconsistent information dissemination, making it difficult for individuals to navigate their health needs effectively (Adesina et al., 2021). Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced understanding of how health literacy affects individuals' interactions with the healthcare system and their overall health outcomes.
Efforts to improve health literacy in Nigeria have been met with varying degrees of success. Initiatives aimed at enhancing health education and communication have shown promise in certain areas, but challenges remain in scaling these efforts across the country (Ezeani et al., 2023). Effective strategies must account for Nigeria's diverse population and the specific barriers faced by different groups. Recent interventions have focused on culturally tailored health education programs and community-based approaches to bridge gaps in health literacy (Ibrahim et al., 2024).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The relationship between health literacy and health outcomes is a crucial area of investigation, particularly in contexts where health systems are under significant strain. In Nigeria, where health disparities are pronounced and access to quality health information is often limited, understanding this relationship is essential for developing effective interventions. Health literacy encompasses the ability to access, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions about one’s health (Nutbeam, 2000). However, in Nigeria, varying levels of health literacy across different socio-economic groups may contribute to disparities in health outcomes. This disparity is compounded by factors such as inadequate health infrastructure and limited public health education, which can hinder individuals’ ability to effectively manage their health (Adedini et al., 2014).
In Nigeria, low health literacy is associated with poor health management and outcomes. A study by Adedini et al. (2014) highlighted that individuals with lower health literacy levels are less likely to engage in preventive health behaviors and more likely to experience adverse health conditions. This problem is exacerbated by the country's diverse linguistic and cultural landscape, which poses additional challenges in delivering clear and comprehensible health information. The lack of uniform health education and resources across regions further complicates efforts to improve health literacy and, consequently, health outcomes (Adedini et al., 2014).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine Exploring the Link Between Health Literacy and Health Outcomes in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:
- Assess the prevalence of health literacy among Nigerians.
- Examine the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes in Nigeria.
- Identify factors that influence health literacy levels in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What is the overall level of health literacy among the Nigerian population, and how does it vary across different demographic groups?
- Is there a significant correlation between health literacy levels and health outcomes among Nigerians?
- What are the primary factors that contribute to low levels of health literacy in Nigeria, such as education socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and access to healthcare information?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no significant relationship between health literacy and health outcomes in Nigeria.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Public Health sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Lagos Metropolis. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Health Literacy
The ability to obtain, understand, and apply health information and services to make informed health decisions and take appropriate actions. In the Nigerian context, this encompasses understanding health-related materials, navigating the healthcare system, and communicating effectively with health professionals.
2. Health Outcomes
The measurable results of healthcare services and interventions on an individual's health status. This includes metrics such as disease prevalence, recovery rates, quality of life, and overall well-being. In Nigeria, health outcomes are influenced by various factors including access to care, treatment adherence, and preventive measures.
3. Healthcare System Navigation
The process of finding and utilizing appropriate healthcare services and resources. This includes understanding how to access medical facilities, health insurance, and various forms of healthcare support available in Nigeria, which can be challenging due to varying levels of infrastructure and resources.
4. Preventive Health Measures
Actions taken to prevent the occurrence or worsening of health issues before they become significant problems. In Nigeria, this includes vaccination programs, health education, and lifestyle changes aimed at reducing the risk of diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and hypertension.
5. Chronic Disease Management
Ongoing care and treatment of long-term health conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, or asthma. Effective management requires health literacy to adhere to treatment plans, monitor symptoms, and make lifestyle adjustments, which can significantly impact health outcomes.
6. Health Communication
The exchange of information between individuals and health professionals, including the clarity of health messages, the ability to ask questions, and the understanding of medical advice. In Nigeria, effective health communication is crucial for ensuring that patients comprehend their health status and treatment options.
7. Cultural Competency
The ability of healthcare providers to understand, respect, and respond appropriately to the cultural and linguistic needs of patients. In Nigeria, this involves acknowledging diverse cultural practices and beliefs related to health and illness, which can affect patients' health literacy and their engagement with the healthcare system.
