Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 6
INTRODUCTION.. 6
1.1 Background to the Study.. 6
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 9
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 9
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.8 Limitations of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 11
1.10 Definition of Terms. 12
CHAPTER TWO.. 15
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 15
2.1 Introduction.. 15
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 15
2.2.1 Social Determinants of Health Theory.. 15
2.2.2 Structural Violence Theory.. 15
2.2.3 Intersectionality Theory.. 16
2.2.4 Political Economy Theory.. 16
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 16
2.4 Empirical Review.. 20
2.5 Summary of Literature Review.. 21
Chapter Three.. 23
Research Methodology.. 23
3.1 Introduction.. 23
3.2 Research Design.. 23
3.3 Population and Sample.. 23
3.4 Data Collection Methods. 24
3.5 Instrumentation.. 24
3.6 Data Analysis Techniques. 25
3.7 Ethical Considerations. 25
3.8 Limitations of the Study.. 26
3.9 Conclusion.. 26
CHAPTER FOUR.. 27
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 27
4.1 Preamble.. 27
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 27
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.. 33
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one:. 33
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 47
Discussion of Findings. 48
CHAPTER FIVE.. 51
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 51
5.1 Summary of Findings. 51
5.2 Conclusion.. 51
5.3 Recommendations. 51
REFERENCES.. 53
Research Questionnaire: Investigating the Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Health Disparities in Nigeria (A Case Study of Eket Metropolis). 56
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Investigating the influence of socioeconomic factors on health disparities in Nigeria is crucial for understanding the unequal distribution of health outcomes across different segments of the population. Nigeria, as the most populous country in Africa, grapples with significant health challenges amidst diverse socioeconomic conditions. This study seeks to explore how variables such as income, education, access to healthcare services, and living conditions intersect to shape health disparities among Nigerians. By examining these factors, policymakers and healthcare practitioners can develop targeted interventions to mitigate health inequalities and enhance overall population health.
Socioeconomic status (SES) plays a pivotal role in determining health outcomes in Nigeria. Research indicates that individuals with lower SES often experience higher rates of chronic diseases, maternal mortality, and infectious diseases due to limited access to healthcare services and resources (Smith et al., 2021). Moreover, disparities in education and income levels contribute significantly to differential health outcomes, highlighting the need for comprehensive socioeconomic interventions to improve health equity (Jones & Johnson, 2020). Understanding these dynamics is essential for formulating evidence-based policies that address the root causes of health disparities and promote inclusive development across Nigeria's diverse socio-economic landscape.
Furthermore, the geographical distribution of healthcare facilities and resources exacerbates health inequalities in Nigeria. Rural areas, where a significant portion of the population resides, often lack adequate healthcare infrastructure and personnel compared to urban centers (Ahmed et al., 2019). This disparity limits healthcare access for rural dwellers, leading to poorer health outcomes and increased mortality rates. Addressing these geographical disparities requires targeted investments in healthcare infrastructure and the deployment of healthcare professionals to underserved regions, thereby enhancing healthcare accessibility and reducing disparities nationwide (Okonkwo et al., 2022).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Understanding the influence of socioeconomic factors on health disparities in Nigeria is imperative given the country's diverse socio-economic landscape and significant health challenges. Nigeria, as the most populous country in Africa, faces profound disparities in health outcomes across different segments of its population. Socioeconomic factors such as income inequality, educational disparities, access to healthcare services, and living conditions are crucial determinants that contribute to varying health outcomes among Nigerians (Smith et al., 2021). These factors interact complexly, influencing individuals' ability to access and utilize healthcare services effectively, thereby exacerbating health disparities across the nation (World Bank, 2020).
The problem stems from the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, which perpetuates health inequities in Nigeria. Rural populations, in particular, face significant challenges in accessing healthcare due to geographical barriers and limited infrastructure compared to urban counterparts (Ahmed et al., 2019). Furthermore, disparities in education and income levels exacerbate these challenges, limiting preventive measures and timely medical interventions for many Nigerians. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms through which socioeconomic factors impact health disparities, providing insights into policy interventions that can effectively address these issues and promote health equity across Nigeria's diverse population (Jones & Johnson, 2020).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine Investigating the Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Health Disparities in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:
- To quantify the association between socioeconomic status and specific health outcomes in Nigeria.
- To identify the mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities.
- To explore the potential for policy interventions to reduce socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- How does income level correlate with the prevalence of chronic diseases among adults in Nigeria?
- Does access to healthcare facilities distance, cost vary depending on socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria?
- To what extent can the expansion of health insurance programs improve access to quality healthcare for low-income Nigerians?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no significant association between socioeconomic factors and health disparities among different socio-economic groups in Nigeria.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Public Health sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Eket Metropolis. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Socioeconomic Factors
These encompass variables such as income, education, occupation, and access to resources, which collectively influence an individual's or a community's social standing and economic well-being.
2. Health Disparities
Differences in health outcomes or the prevalence of diseases between distinct populations or groups, often influenced by socioeconomic factors, geographic location, ethnicity, or other social determinants.
3. Investigation
A systematic and thorough examination or study aimed at gathering information and understanding the relationship between socioeconomic factors and health disparities in Nigeria. This involves data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
4. Influence
The effect or impact that socioeconomic factors have on health disparities in Nigeria. This includes understanding how variables like income inequality, educational attainment, and access to healthcare services shape health outcomes across different demographics.
5. Nigeria
A country located in West Africa, characterized by diverse socioeconomic conditions and health challenges. Understanding health disparities within Nigeria requires considering its cultural, economic, and geographic diversity.
6. Social Determinants of Health
Conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, which are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources. These determinants play a significant role in creating health disparities based on socioeconomic factors.
7. Epidemiological Research
The study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. In the context of Nigeria, epidemiological research helps identify correlations between socioeconomic factors and health disparities, informing public health interventions and policies.
