Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study.. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 9
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 9
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.8 Limitations of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 11
1.10 Definition of Terms. 12
CHAPTER TWO.. 14
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 14
2.1 Introduction.. 14
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 14
2.2.1 Behavioral Theory.. 14
2.2.2 Socio-Ecological Theory.. 15
2.2.3 Health Belief Model. 15
2.2.4 Social Determinants of Health Theory.. 16
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 16
2.4 Empirical Review.. 21
2.5 Summary of Chapter. 25
Chapter Three.. 27
Research Methodology.. 27
3.1 Introduction.. 27
3.2 Research Design.. 27
3.3 Population of the Study.. 27
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique.. 28
3.5 Data Collection Methods. 28
3.6 Research Instruments. 29
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques. 30
3.8 Ethical Considerations. 30
3.9 Limitations of the Study.. 31
3.10 Conclusion.. 32
CHAPTER FOUR.. 32
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 32
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS.. 33
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 48
Discussion of Findings. 50
CHAPTER FIVE.. 53
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 53
5.1 Summary of Findings. 53
5.2 Conclusion.. 54
5.3 Recommendations. 54
REFERENCES.. 56
Research Questionnaire.. 59
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Vaginal candidiasis, commonly referred to as a yeast infection, is a widespread condition caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, particularly Candida albicans. This fungal infection is characterized by symptoms such as itching, discharge, and irritation of the vaginal area. Despite being a common and treatable condition, vaginal candidiasis can significantly impact the quality of life and reproductive health of women. In Osogbo, a city in southwestern Nigeria, the prevalence of this condition among married women warrants significant attention due to its implications on women's health and the need for effective public health strategies.
Recent studies have shown that vaginal candidiasis is a prevalent health issue among married women in Osogbo. For instance, a study conducted by Onayade et al. (2020) found that approximately 45% of married women attending various healthcare facilities in Osogbo had experienced at least one episode of vaginal candidiasis in the past year. This high prevalence highlights the importance of understanding the contributing factors, such as hormonal changes, sexual activity, and hygiene practices, which may predispose women to this condition. Additionally, it underscores the need for targeted interventions and educational programs to reduce the incidence and recurrence of yeast infections in this population.
The socio-economic and cultural context of Osogbo plays a crucial role in the prevalence and management of vaginal candidiasis. Married women in this region may face barriers such as limited access to healthcare, stigma associated with reproductive health issues, and insufficient knowledge about prevention and treatment options. Studies by Adeoye et al. (2019) emphasize that improving women's education on reproductive health and enhancing healthcare services can lead to better management and prevention of vaginal candidiasis. Furthermore, integrating culturally sensitive approaches in health education can help in addressing misconceptions and encouraging positive health-seeking behaviors among married women.
Effective management and prevention of vaginal candidiasis require a multi-faceted approach. Health authorities in Osogbo need to prioritize the establishment of comprehensive reproductive health programs that include routine screenings, effective treatment protocols, and public awareness campaigns. Collaboration between healthcare providers, community leaders, and women's groups can also foster an environment where married women feel supported in seeking care and adopting preventive measures. As evidenced by the research conducted by Omole-Ohonsi et al. (2021), such integrated efforts can significantly reduce the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis and improve the overall reproductive health of married women in Osogbo.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Vaginal candidiasis represents a significant public health challenge among married women in Osogbo, with considerable implications for their reproductive and overall health. Despite its high prevalence, there remains a lack of comprehensive data and understanding of the factors contributing to its widespread occurrence in this demographic. Existing studies, such as those by Onayade et al. (2020), indicate that nearly half of married women in Osogbo have experienced this condition, yet there is insufficient research exploring the underlying causes, such as lifestyle, sexual practices, hygiene, and healthcare access. This gap in knowledge hampers the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies tailored to the specific needs of these women.
The burden of vaginal candidiasis in Osogbo is exacerbated by socio-economic and cultural factors that limit women's ability to seek and receive adequate care. Many women may face stigma and embarrassment associated with reproductive health issues, leading to delays in seeking medical attention. Additionally, limited access to healthcare facilities, coupled with a lack of awareness and education about the condition, further complicates the situation. These barriers not only affect the timely diagnosis and treatment of vaginal candidiasis but also contribute to its recurrence and chronicity, thereby impacting the quality of life and wellbeing of affected women.
Addressing the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among married women in Osogbo requires a multi-dimensional approach involving improved healthcare services, targeted health education, and community engagement. Effective solutions must consider the socio-cultural dynamics that influence health behaviors and practices. Comprehensive public health initiatives that include regular screening, accessible treatment options, and educational campaigns can play a crucial role in reducing the incidence and recurrence of this condition. By focusing on these areas, health authorities and stakeholders can enhance the overall reproductive health outcomes for married women in Osogbo, ultimately fostering a healthier and more informed community.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine Prevalence of Vaginal Candidiasis Among Married Women in Osogbo. Specific objectives of the study are:
- To determine the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among married women in Osogbo.
- To identify the socio-demographic factors associated with the incidence of vaginal candidiasis among married women in Osogbo.
- To assess the level of awareness and knowledge about vaginal candidiasis, including its prevention and treatment, among married women in Osogbo.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What is the prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among married women in Osogbo?
- What socio-demographic factors are significantly associated with the incidence of vaginal candidiasis among married women in Osogbo?
- What is the current level of awareness and knowledge about the prevention and treatment of vaginal candidiasis among married women in Osogbo?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no significant impact of knowledge and awareness of vaginal candidiasis and its prevalence among married women in Osogbo.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the health sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to married women in Osogbo, Osun State. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Vaginal Candidiasis: A fungal infection caused primarily by the overgrowth of Candida species, especially Candida albicans, in the vaginal area. It is characterized by symptoms such as itching, discharge, and irritation.
2. Prevalence: The proportion of a population found to have a condition at a specific time. In this study, it refers to the percentage of married women in Osogbo who have experienced vaginal candidiasis.
3. Married Women: Women who are legally married or living in a consensual union. This term is used to define the specific demographic group under study in Osogbo.
4. Socio-Demographic Factors: Characteristics of a population that include age, education level, income, occupation, and other social and demographic attributes. These factors are examined to understand their association with the incidence of vaginal candidiasis.
5. Incidence: The rate at which new cases of a condition occur in a population over a specific period. This study looks at how often new cases of vaginal candidiasis arise among married women in Osogbo.
6. Awareness: The level of knowledge and understanding that individuals have about a particular condition. This includes information about the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of vaginal candidiasis among married women in Osogbo.
7. Healthcare Access: The availability and ability of individuals to obtain necessary medical services. In this context, it refers to how easily married women in Osogbo can access healthcare for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of vaginal candidiasis.
