Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study. 7
1.4 Research Questions. 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 8
1.6 Significance of the Study. 8
1.7 Scope of the Study. 9
1.8 Limitations of the Study. 9
1.9 Organization of the Study. 10
1.10 Definition of Terms. 10
CHAPTER TWO.. 14
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 14
2.1 Introduction.. 14
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 14
2.2.1 Network Theory. 14
2.2.2 Social Movement Theory. 15
2.2.3 Institutional Theory. 15
2.2.4 Resource Mobilization Theory. 15
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 16
2.4 Empirical Review.. 18
2.5 Summary of Literature Review.. 20
Chapter Three. 21
Research Methodology. 21
3.1 Introduction.. 21
3.2 Research Design.. 21
3.3 Population of the Study. 22
3.4 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size. 22
3.5 Data Collection Methods. 22
3.6 Instruments for Data Collection.. 23
3.7 Data Analysis Procedures. 23
3.8 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments. 24
3.9 Ethical Considerations. 24
3.10 Limitations of the Study. 24
3.11 Conclusion.. 25
CHAPTER FOUR.. 26
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 26
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS.. 26
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 39
Discussion of Findings. 42
CHAPTER FIVE.. 44
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 44
5.1 Summary of Findings. 44
5.2 Conclusion.. 44
5.3 Recommendations. 45
REFERENCES.. 46
Questionnaire. 49
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.1 Background to the Study
In recent decades, Nigeria has witnessed a burgeoning role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in advocating for human rights and fostering social justice within the nation. This phenomenon reflects a broader global trend where non-governmental entities play pivotal roles in shaping public discourse, policy formulation, and community mobilization. Defined as the "third sector" of society, civil society in Nigeria comprises a diverse array of organizations including non-profits, community groups, faith-based organizations, and advocacy networks (Human Rights Watch, 2023). These entities operate outside governmental and commercial spheres, wielding significant influence in addressing systemic injustices and advancing human rights agendas.
The landscape of civil society in Nigeria is richly varied, contributing to its robust engagement with human rights issues. Organizations such as Amnesty International Nigeria and the Civil Liberties Organization have been instrumental in documenting human rights abuses, amplifying marginalized voices, and holding governmental bodies accountable for their actions (Amnesty International, 2022). Through their advocacy efforts, these CSOs bolster public awareness and mobilize grassroots movements to demand accountability and social equity.
Moreover, the role of civil society in promoting human rights extends beyond advocacy to include direct service provision and capacity-building initiatives. Organizations like Women's Rights Advancement and Protection Alternative (WRAPA) focus on empowering marginalized groups, particularly women and children, by providing legal aid, education, and healthcare services (WRAPA, 2023). Such initiatives not only address immediate needs but also foster long-term societal transformation by equipping individuals with the tools to advocate for their rights effectively.
In Nigeria, the intersection of civil society and social justice is further underscored by the sector's role in legislative reform and policy advocacy. CSOs often collaborate with governmental bodies and international organizations to draft legislation that safeguards human rights and promotes inclusive development (United Nations, 2023). This collaborative approach enhances the legitimacy of policy initiatives and ensures they are responsive to the needs of diverse communities across the country.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The role of civil society in promoting human rights and social justice in Nigeria is crucial yet fraught with numerous challenges that hinder its effectiveness and impact. One significant issue is the persistent threat of government repression and restrictions on civil society organizations (CSOs). Throughout Nigeria's history, there have been instances of harassment, intimidation, and even shutdowns of CSOs critical of governmental policies or involved in advocacy deemed sensitive by authorities (Freedom House, 2023). These actions not only stifle freedom of expression but also undermine civil society's ability to operate independently and effectively advocate for human rights.
Another critical problem facing civil society in Nigeria is the issue of funding constraints and sustainability. Many CSOs struggle with limited financial resources, relying heavily on international donors whose priorities and funding cycles may not align with local needs or long-term sustainability goals (Human Rights Watch, 2023). This reliance can create dependency and vulnerability among CSOs, affecting their autonomy and capacity to engage in sustained advocacy and service delivery efforts aimed at promoting human rights and social justice.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine the role of civil society in promoting human rights and social justice in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:
- To analyze the impact of civil society organizations (CSOs) on specific human rights issues in Nigeria.
- To examine the strategies employed by Nigerian civil society to promote social justice and hold the government accountable.
- To explore the challenges and opportunities faced by Nigerian civil society in its work on human rights and social justice.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- How have Nigerian CSOs addressed issues of police brutality and extrajudicial killings in recent years?
- How do Nigerian CSOs utilize legal advocacy and public awareness campaigns to influence policy changes that promote social justice?
- How does government funding or foreign aid influence the autonomy and effectiveness of Nigerian CSOs?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the activities of civil society organizations (CSOs) and the promotion of human rights and social justice in Nigeria.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Political Science sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre, Abuja. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Civil Society
Refers to the aggregate of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community groups, and associations that operate independently of the government and business sectors, aiming to promote social welfare, human rights, and justice.
2. Human Rights
Fundamental rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, religion, or any other status, encompassing civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.
3. Social Justice
The fair distribution of resources and opportunities within a society, ensuring that all individuals and groups have equal access to rights, benefits, and participation in social institutions.
4. Advocacy
The process of actively supporting a cause or policy, typically involving efforts to influence public opinion, policies, and decision-making processes within government and society.
5. Empowerment
The process of enabling individuals and communities to gain control over their lives and destinies, often through education, capacity-building, and fostering leadership skills.
6. Accountability
The obligation of individuals, organizations, and governments to take responsibility for their actions, decisions, and policies, and to be answerable to the public and stakeholders.
7. Civic Engagement
The active participation of individuals and communities in social, political, and economic activities aimed at improving society, fostering democracy, and promoting human rights and social justice.
