Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study.. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 9
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.8 Limitations of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 10
1.10 Definition of Terms. 11
CHAPTER TWO.. 15
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 15
2.1 Introduction.. 15
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 15
2.2.1 Constructivist Learning Theory.. 15
2.2.2 Social Learning Theory.. 16
2.2.3 Resource-Based View Theory.. 16
2.2.4 Ecological Systems Theory.. 17
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 17
2.4 Empirical Review.. 22
2.5 Summary of Literature Review.. 24
Chapter Three.. 25
Research Methodology.. 25
3.1 Research Design.. 25
3.2 Study Population.. 25
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques. 26
3.4 Data Collection Instruments. 26
3.5 Validity and Reliability of Instruments. 27
3.6 Procedure for Data Collection.. 27
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques. 28
3.8 Ethical Considerations. 30
3.9 Limitations of the Study.. 30
CHAPTER FOUR.. 31
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 31
4.1 Preamble.. 31
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 32
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.. 35
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one:. 35
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 46
Discussion of Findings. 48
CHAPTER FIVE.. 50
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 50
5.1 Summary.. 50
5.2 Conclusion.. 51
5.3 Recommendations. 52
REFERENCES.. 54
Questionnaire.. 58
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
In the field of education, the factors influencing students' academic achievement have long been a topic of considerable research and debate. Among these factors, laboratory facilities and class size are crucial elements that can significantly impact students' performance, particularly in subjects that require practical experimentation such as chemistry. In Ibadan, Nigeria, where the demand for high-quality education is ever-growing, understanding how these variables affect academic success in senior secondary chemistry becomes essential for educational policy and practice.
Laboratory facilities are integral to the study of chemistry, providing students with hands-on experience and the opportunity to engage in experiments that reinforce theoretical concepts. The quality and accessibility of these facilities can greatly influence students' understanding and interest in the subject. For instance, Adeyemo (2021) highlights that well-equipped laboratories enhance students' practical skills and contribute positively to their academic performance in chemistry (Adeyemo, 2021). Similarly, Adegoke (2020) found that the availability of modern laboratory equipment correlates with improved student outcomes in science subjects (Adegoke, 2020).
Class size is another critical factor that affects academic achievement. Smaller class sizes often allow for more individualized attention and better student-teacher interaction, which can enhance learning outcomes. A study by Oladipo (2019) demonstrated that smaller class sizes in secondary schools in Ibadan are associated with higher levels of student engagement and academic success in science subjects, including chemistry (Oladipo, 2019). This is supported by research from Olukoya (2022), who found that smaller classes facilitate more effective teaching and learning processes in science education (Olukoya, 2022).
Conversely, larger class sizes may pose challenges such as overcrowded classrooms and diminished opportunities for personalized instruction. According to Ojo (2020), large class sizes in Ibadan have been linked to reduced academic performance in chemistry, as teachers struggle to address individual students' needs adequately (Ojo, 2020). Additionally, Yusuf (2023) argues that the strain on laboratory resources due to high student numbers further exacerbates these challenges, leading to less effective learning experiences (Yusuf, 2023).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The academic achievement of students in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan is significantly influenced by the quality of laboratory facilities and the size of their classes. Laboratory facilities are vital for effective chemistry education, providing students with hands-on experience that is crucial for understanding complex chemical concepts and conducting experiments. However, many secondary schools in Ibadan face challenges such as outdated equipment and inadequate laboratory resources, which hinder students' practical learning experiences. As noted by Adeyemo (2021), insufficiently equipped laboratories often result in lower student engagement and diminished academic performance in chemistry (Adeyemo, 2021).
Class size also plays a critical role in determining educational outcomes. Larger class sizes can impede personalized instruction and reduce the amount of individual attention each student receives, which is essential for mastering challenging subjects like chemistry. Olukoya (2022) highlights that overcrowded classrooms are associated with lower levels of student achievement due to the increased difficulty in managing diverse learning needs effectively (Olukoya, 2022). This problem is exacerbated in Ibadan, where many schools struggle with high student-to-teacher ratios, impacting the overall quality of education.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine Laboratory facilities and class size as predictors of students academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan. Specific objectives of the study are:
- To determine the relationship between laboratory facilities and students' academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan.
- To investigate the impact of class size on students' academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan.
- To examine the combined effects of laboratory facilities and class size on students' academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What is the relationship between the availability and adequacy of laboratory facilities and students' academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan?
- Does class size significantly influence students' academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan?
- How do laboratory facilities and class size interact to predict students' academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: Laboratory facilities and class size do not significantly predict students' academic achievement in senior secondary chemistry in Ibadan.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the education sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to South East Oyo state. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Laboratory Facilities
Laboratory facilities refer to the physical and equipment resources available in a science laboratory that are necessary for conducting experiments and practical work. These may include items such as chemical reagents, glassware, scientific instruments, safety equipment, and technological aids. Adequate and modern laboratory facilities are essential for effective learning and experimentation in chemistry.
2. Class Size
Class size refers to the number of students enrolled in a particular class or section. It can impact the dynamics of teaching and learning, with smaller class sizes often allowing for more individualized attention and interaction between students and teachers, while larger class sizes may lead to less personalized instruction and increased classroom management challenges.
3. Academic Achievement
Academic achievement refers to the extent of a student's success in meeting educational goals and standards, typically measured through grades, test scores, or other assessments. In the context of senior secondary chemistry, it reflects the student's understanding of chemical concepts, ability to perform laboratory tasks, and overall performance in the subject.
4. Senior Secondary Chemistry
Senior secondary chemistry encompasses the chemistry curriculum and courses offered to students in the final years of secondary education (usually grades 11 and 12). It includes advanced topics in chemistry that prepare students for higher education or vocational training in scientific fields.
5. Predictors of Academic Achievement
Predictors of academic achievement are factors or variables that can influence or provide an indication of a student's potential success in academic performance. In the context of chemistry, these predictors may include laboratory facilities, class size, teacher quality, student motivation, and previous academic performance.
6. Educational Environment
Educational environment refers to the overall setting in which learning occurs, including physical, social, and pedagogical aspects. It encompasses the classroom atmosphere, resources available, teacher-student interactions, and the school’s support systems. A conducive educational environment can significantly impact students' learning outcomes and academic achievement.
7. Instructional Quality
Instructional quality pertains to the effectiveness of teaching practices and methods employed by educators. It includes aspects such as lesson planning, instructional delivery, assessment methods, and feedback. High instructional quality is crucial for enhancing student understanding and academic performance in subjects like chemistry.
