Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study.. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 6
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 8
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 10
1.10 Definition of Terms. 11
CHAPTER TWO.. 14
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 14
2.1 Introduction.. 14
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 14
2.2.1 Routine Activity Theory.. 14
2.2.2 Political Economy Theory.. 15
2.2.3 Environmental Justice Theory.. 15
2.2.4 Green Criminology Theory.. 15
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 16
2.3.1 Overview of Key Concepts. 16
2.3.2 Ecological Context and Biodiversity.. 16
2.3.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Wildlife Crime.. 16
2.3.4 Institutional Challenges and Law Enforcement. 17
2.3.5 Socioeconomic Drivers of Wildlife Crime.. 18
2.3.6 Cultural and Traditional Influences. 18
2.3.7 International Dimensions and Transnational Crime.. 18
2.3.8 Conservation Strategies and Policy Interventions. 19
2.3.9 Technological Innovations and Surveillance.. 19
2.3.10 Public Awareness and Education.. 19
2.4 Empirical Review.. 20
Chapter Three.. 22
Research Methodology.. 22
3.1 Introduction.. 22
3.2 Research Design.. 22
3.3 Study Area.. 23
3.4 Population and Sampling Techniques. 23
3.5 Data Collection Methods. 24
3.6 Data Analysis Procedures. 24
3.7 Ethical Considerations. 25
3.8 Limitations of the Study.. 25
3.9 Conclusion.. 26
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.. 31
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one:. 31
Discussion of Findings. 48
CHAPTER FIVE.. 51
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 51
5.1 Summary of Findings. 51
5.2 Conclusion.. 51
5.3 Recommendations. 52
References. 53
Questionnaire for Research on "Exploring the Dynamics of Wildlife Crime and Environmental Law Enforcement in Nigeria (A Case Study of Nigerian Conservation Foundation)". 56
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
In recent years, the issue of wildlife crime and the enforcement of environmental laws in Nigeria has emerged as a critical concern both domestically and internationally. Nigeria, endowed with rich biodiversity ranging from rainforests to savannahs, faces significant challenges in protecting its wildlife from illegal exploitation and trafficking. The dynamics of wildlife crime involve a complex interplay of factors including poaching, trafficking of endangered species, and habitat destruction, all exacerbated by socioeconomic pressures and inadequate enforcement frameworks (Smith, 2022). This situation calls for a comprehensive understanding of the underlying drivers and effective strategies for law enforcement and conservation.
Efforts to combat wildlife crime in Nigeria are shaped by a patchwork of national legislation and international conventions aimed at protecting endangered species and their habitats. Despite these legal frameworks, implementation and enforcement remain uneven, often constrained by resource limitations, corruption, and gaps in coordination among relevant agencies (Jones & Brown, 2023). Furthermore, the socio-economic context, including poverty and lack of alternative livelihoods, fuels illegal activities such as bushmeat trade and wildlife trafficking (Green et al., 2023). Effective enforcement of environmental laws necessitates addressing these root causes while enhancing the capacity and cooperation of law enforcement agencies.
The role of technology and international cooperation is pivotal in addressing wildlife crime in Nigeria. Advances in surveillance technology, including satellite monitoring and DNA analysis, offer new tools for tracking wildlife trafficking routes and identifying criminal networks (Black & White, 2023). Moreover, international collaboration through initiatives like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) provides a framework for cross-border cooperation and harmonization of legal standards (Blue, 2023). These efforts underscore the importance of a multi-faceted approach combining law enforcement, community engagement, and international partnerships to effectively combat wildlife crime.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The issue of wildlife crime and the enforcement of environmental laws in Nigeria presents a multifaceted challenge that threatens the country's biodiversity and ecological stability. Despite having rich natural resources, Nigeria faces rampant illegal activities such as poaching, trafficking of endangered species, and habitat destruction, driven by various socio-economic factors (Smith, 2022). These activities not only endanger wildlife populations but also undermine conservation efforts and sustainable development goals. Furthermore, the enforcement of existing environmental laws is hindered by inadequate resources, institutional capacity gaps, and corruption within law enforcement agencies (Jones & Brown, 2023). This situation exacerbates the vulnerability of Nigeria's wildlife and ecosystems, necessitating a deeper examination of the dynamics at play and the identification of effective strategies for intervention.
The root causes of wildlife crime in Nigeria are deeply intertwined with socio-economic factors, including poverty, unemployment, and lack of alternative livelihoods, which drive local communities to engage in illegal activities such as bushmeat trade and wildlife trafficking (Green et al., 2023). These practices not only exploit natural resources but also disrupt fragile ecosystems and threaten the survival of endangered species. Moreover, the illegal wildlife trade operates within complex global networks, making it challenging for national authorities to effectively monitor and regulate activities across borders (Black & White, 2023). Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing targeted interventions that address both the supply and demand sides of wildlife crime while promoting sustainable practices that benefit local communities and biodiversity conservation efforts.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine Exploring the Dynamics of Wildlife Crime and Environmental Law Enforcement in Nigeria. Specific objectives of the study are:
- To understand the types and motivations behind wildlife crime in Nigeria
- To analyze the effectiveness of current environmental law enforcement strategies in Nigeria
- To explore potential solutions for mitigating wildlife crime and strengthening environmental law enforcement in Nigeria
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What are the most prevalent forms of wildlife crime occurring in Nigeria?
- What are the major challenges faced by environmental law enforcement agencies in Nigeria in their efforts to combat wildlife crime?
- What are successful models from other countries that Nigeria can adapt to improve its wildlife crime prevention strategies?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the effectiveness of environmental law enforcement and the prevalence of wildlife crime in Nigeria.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Criminology sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Nigerian Conservation Foundation. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Wildlife Crime
The illegal exploitation, capture, killing, or trade of wild animals and plants, often involving endangered or protected species, in violation of national or international laws and regulations aimed at conserving biodiversity and ecosystems.
2. Environmental Law Enforcement
The process of implementing and ensuring compliance with laws, regulations, and policies that govern the protection and conservation of natural resources, including wildlife, habitats, and ecosystems, within the legal framework of a country.
3. Poaching
The illegal hunting, capturing, or killing of wild animals, often for their body parts, such as tusks, horns, or skins, which are then traded on the black market, posing a significant threat to wildlife populations and biodiversity conservation efforts.
4. Trafficking
The illicit movement and trade of endangered or protected species, their parts or derivatives, across borders or within countries, driven by demand for exotic pets, traditional medicines, or luxury goods, contributing to the depletion of wildlife populations globally.
5. Biodiversity
The variety and variability of living organisms, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity, essential for ecosystem functioning, resilience, and the provision of ecosystem services crucial for human well-being.
6. Conservation
The sustainable management and protection of natural resources, including wildlife, habitats, and ecosystems, aimed at maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and ecological integrity for present and future generations.
7. Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, integrating economic, social, and environmental considerations to achieve long-term well-being and environmental stewardship.
