Table of Contents
ABSTRACT. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem.. 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study. 9
1.4 Research Questions. 9
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 10
1.6 Significance of the Study. 10
1.7 Scope of the Study. 11
1.8 Limitations of the Study. 11
1.9 Organization of the Study. 11
CHAPTER TWO.. 14
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 14
2.1 Introduction. 14
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 14
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 16
2.3.1 Overview of Physical Activity. 16
2.3.2 Musculoskeletal Adaptations. 17
2.3.3 Cardiovascular Health. 17
2.3.4 Neurological and Cognitive Effects. 18
2.3.5 Metabolic Influences. 18
2.3.6 Hormonal Responses. 19
2.3.7 Age-Related Considerations. 19
2.3.8 Sex-Specific Considerations. 19
2.3.9 Impact on Joint Health. 20
2.3.10 Psychological Well-being. 20
2.3.11 Public Health Implications. 20
2.4 Empirical Review.. 21
2.5 Summary of Literature Review.. 24
Chapter Three. 25
Research Methodology. 25
Introduction. 25
Research Design. 25
Data Collection. 25
Analysis Techniques. 26
Ethical Considerations. 27
Conclusion. 27
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 28
4.1 Preamble. 28
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 28
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS. 31
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one: 31
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 39
CHAPTER FIVE.. 42
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.. 42
5.1 Summary. 42
5.2 Conclusion. 45
5.3 Recommendations. 45
References: 46
APPENDIX.. 49
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.1 Background to the Study
It covers all exercise and movement forms major in the complex structure and function of human anatomy. Exercise's effect on human anatomy is a multilevel interactive process that involves, but is not limited to, the cellular level to the whole musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, and beyond. This introduction is supposed to explain the maximal effect physical activity gives onto anatomical features of the human organism; hence, pointing out the linkage between exercise, physiological response, and good health. A full comprehension of such an effect is important for health enhancement, disease prevention, or performance optimization for humans.
Various forms of exercise can elicit a physiologic cascade in the human body. Regular exercise can stimulate changes within the cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal systems to enhance stamina, strength, and flexibility. As such, the human heart is capable of changing after an individual has regularly engaged in some form of aerobic exercise, wherein one potential result is enhanced cardiac output and efficiency. Skeletal muscles change as well with resistance training by growing in size and strength. These adaptations constitute not only the main factor of importance for athletic performance but also for general health and functioning of the human organism.
The effects of physical activity also influence the human anatomy in terms of the skeletal system, including maintaining strong bones and good bone density. Weight-bearing exercises and resistance exercises can stimulate bone remodeling and thereby improve bone density and strength. This is important and plays a major role in preventing diseases such as osteoporosis and fractures that mainly affect aged individuals. This is validated by different studies, including those of Hind K. 2017, and Warden SJ. As such, according to the research of Kemmler and Engelke, 2009, weight-bearing physical activities are linked to bone mineral density positively, underlining exercise as the main determinant of skeletal health.
Physical activity influences not only the structural but also the neuropsychological features of the body. Exercise has been associated with improved cognitive functioning, neuroplasticity, and mental health. The mechanisms underlying positive exercise effects on brain health are thought to involve neurotrophic factors, one of which is the secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. A study by Erickson KI,. Et al. (2011), Ratey JJ. (2008) point out neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of physical activity, stating that the 'trend shapes neurological contours of human anatomy.'
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The impact of physical training upon the human anatomy is a very multi-faceted topic that has tremendous implications for health and welfare. Indeed, while much of the scholarship that undergirds this academic discipline proves that an average level of exercise has phenomenal positive outcomes on many of the 'anatomical' systems, complete understanding of the exact mechanisms by which different types and intensities of physical activity interact within the highly intricate structures of the human body remains incomplete.
Whereas there are many studies on the effects of exercise on bones, cardiovascular system, and nervous system, more diverse research is required concerning the impact physical inactivity can have on human anatomy. Such a lack of deep knowledge prevents the designing of specific types of physical remedial measures and also the prevention of such anatomical problems that might be generally caused by sedentary lifestyles. It is also unclear what kind of exercises will be most effective in order to stimulate a desired anatomical change. While the literature provides a good overview of some general ideas of the principles of exercise physiology, deeper investigation is required to discern the optimal frequencies, duration, and the intensities of physical activity in order to fulfill various goals with respect to a given structure of interest. In the formulation of evidence-based recommendations that can lead to personalized exercise prescriptions for individuals with different health statuses and wellness goals, it will be critical to understand the subtleties of these relationships. The closure of these particular knowledge gaps advances a more comparator understanding of the effects of physical activity on human anatomy and leads both healthcare provider and individual toward strategies most suitable in petitions levied against maintaining anatomical health and preventing disorders associated with it.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine The impact of physical activity on human anatomy. Specific objectives of the study are:
- 1. To Examine the Influence of Different Exercise Modalities on Musculoskeletal Adaptations.
- 2. To Investigate the Long-Term Cardiovascular Consequences of Physical Activity.
- To Explore the Neurological and Cognitive Effects of Physical Activity.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- How do resistance training and aerobic exercise distinctly impact muscle hypertrophy and strength in various anatomical regions?
- How does regular aerobic exercise influence cardiac morphology, such as left ventricular size and function, over an extended period?
- What neurophysiological changes occur in the brain as a result of regular physical activity, particularly in regions associated with memory and executive function?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no statistical significant relationship between physical activity and human anatomy
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Anatomy sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Nigeria. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
