Table of Contents
Abstract. 2
CHAPTER ONE.. 5
INTRODUCTION.. 5
1.1 Background to the Study.. 5
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study.. 8
1.4 Research Questions. 8
1.5 Research Hypothesis. 9
1.6 Significance of the Study.. 9
1.7 Scope of the Study.. 10
1.8 Limitations of the Study.. 10
1.9 Organization of the Study.. 10
1.10 Definition of Terms. 11
CHAPTER TWO.. 15
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.. 15
2.1 Introduction.. 15
2.2 Theoretical Review.. 15
2.2.1 Diffusion of Innovations Theory. 15
2.2.2 Human Capital Theory. 16
2.2.3 Theory of Planned Behavior. 16
2.2.4 Sustainable Livelihoods Framework Theory. 16
2.3 Conceptual Review.. 17
2.3.1 Overview.. 17
2.3.2 Conceptual Framework.. 17
2.3.3 Youth Engagement in Agriculture.. 18
2.3.4 Impact of Extension Services. 18
2.3.5 Case Study: Essien Udim LGA.. 19
2.3.6 Youth Perceptions of Extension Services. 19
2.3.7 Challenges Faced by Extension Services. 19
2.3.8 Role of Technology in Extension Services. 20
2.4 Empirical Review.. 20
2.5 Summary of Chapters. 22
Chapter Three.. 23
Research Methodology.. 23
3.1 Research Design.. 23
3.2 Study Area.. 24
3.3 Population of the Study.. 24
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique.. 25
3.5 Data Collection Methods. 25
3.6 Validity and Reliability of Instruments. 26
3.7 Data Analysis Techniques. 26
3.8 Ethical Considerations. 27
3.9 Limitations of the Study.. 27
CHAPTER FOUR.. 28
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.. 28
4.1 Preamble.. 28
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 28
TABLES BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.. 32
4.3 Analysis of the Respondents’ Views on Research Question one:. 32
4.4 Testing Hypothesis. 43
CHAPTER FIVE.. 48
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.. 48
5.1 Summary.. 48
5.2 Conclusion.. 49
5.3 Recommendations. 50
REFERENCE. 52
QUESTIONNAIRE. 55
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The role of extension services in fostering agricultural development is critical, particularly in rural communities where agriculture remains a primary livelihood. In Essien Udim Local Government Area (LGA) of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, the impact of these services on youth engagement in agriculture has become an area of increasing interest. Extension services, designed to deliver agricultural knowledge, technologies, and practices to farmers, have the potential to transform agricultural productivity and sustain rural economies. This analysis explores how these services influence youth involvement in agriculture within this region, assessing both the benefits and challenges faced by young people in integrating modern agricultural practices into their livelihoods.
Extension services aim to bridge the gap between research and practice, providing farmers with valuable insights into new technologies, crop management, and sustainable practices. In Akwa Ibom, extension services are critical in addressing local agricultural challenges and improving productivity. According to Osei et al. (2020), extension services play a pivotal role in enhancing agricultural performance by disseminating knowledge that leads to increased efficiency and productivity (Osei, B., Asare, K., & Amuakwa-Mensah, F., 2020, "Extension Services and Agricultural Productivity in Ghana," Journal of Agricultural Economics). However, despite their potential, youth participation in these programs remains limited, partly due to socio-economic factors and traditional farming practices (Opara, U., & Onyemauwa, C., 2018, "Challenges Facing Youth Engagement in Agriculture in Nigeria," Agricultural Economics Review).
The dynamics of youth engagement in agriculture in Essien Udim LGA are influenced by several factors, including the relevance of extension services to their needs and aspirations. A study by Adeyemo (2021) indicates that while extension services offer valuable resources, there is often a mismatch between the content provided and the interests of young farmers (Adeyemo, S., 2021, "Youth Engagement in Agriculture: The Role of Extension Services," International Journal of Agricultural Extension). Furthermore, extension programs need to adapt to the evolving interests of the younger generation, focusing on innovations that align with their expectations and career goals.
Despite the critical role of extension services, there are notable challenges in their effectiveness. Adebayo and Nwachukwu (2019) highlight issues such as inadequate funding, insufficient training for extension agents, and a lack of infrastructure, which impede the delivery and impact of extension services (Adebayo, A., & Nwachukwu, N., 2019, "Barriers to Effective Extension Services in Nigeria," Journal of Extension Education). Addressing these challenges is essential to enhance the engagement of youth in agriculture, ensuring that extension services are both relevant and accessible.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In Essien Udim Local Government Area (LGA) of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, the challenge of engaging youth in agriculture remains a pressing concern. Despite the vital role of agriculture in the region's economy, youth involvement in this sector is often limited, affecting the potential for agricultural innovation and sustainability. Extension services, designed to improve agricultural practices and boost productivity, play a critical role in bridging the gap between research and practice. However, there is a noticeable disconnect between these services and the interests of young individuals, which hampers their full engagement in agricultural activities (Osei et al., 2020). This issue highlights the need to assess the effectiveness of extension services in addressing the unique needs and aspirations of the younger generation in Essien Udim LGA.
The problem is exacerbated by several factors, including the mismatch between the content of extension programs and the evolving interests of youth. While extension services aim to provide valuable knowledge and resources, they often fail to resonate with the younger demographic, who may perceive traditional farming methods as less appealing compared to other career opportunities (Adeyemo, 2021). This misalignment contributes to a lack of enthusiasm and participation among young people, leading to a decline in the agricultural workforce and missed opportunities for sectoral advancement. Addressing this disconnect is crucial for revitalizing interest in agriculture among youth and ensuring the sustainability of farming practices in the region.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine Analysis of the Impact of Extension Services on Youth Engagement in Agriculture in Essien Udim LGA, Akwa Ibom . Specific objectives of the study are:
- To assess the Current Level of Youth Engagement in Agriculture in Essien Udim LGA
- To evaluate the Impact of Extension Services on Youth Engagement in Agriculture
- To identify Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Youth Engagement in Agriculture
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What is the percentage of youths aged 18-35 in Essien Udim LGA who are actively engaged in agricultural activities?
- To what extent have extension services contributed to increased awareness of agricultural opportunities among youths in Essien Udim LGA?
- What are the major challenges faced by young farmers in Essien Udim LGA in relation to agricultural activities?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: Extension services have no significant impact on youth engagement in agriculture in Essien Udim LGA, Akwa Ibom.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Agric Extension sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Essien Udim Lga, Akwa Ibom Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
1.10 Definition of Terms
1. Extension Services
These are educational programs and support services provided to farmers and agricultural stakeholders aimed at improving their practices, productivity, and livelihoods. In the context of youth engagement, extension services may include training, workshops, and advisory services designed to encourage and assist young people in agricultural activities.
2. Youth Engagement
This refers to the involvement and active participation of young people in various activities, programs, and decision-making processes related to agriculture. It encompasses their interest, commitment, and contributions to agricultural practices and rural development.
3. Agricultural Productivity
This term denotes the output and efficiency of agricultural production. It involves measuring the amount of produce obtained from agricultural activities in relation to the resources used. Improved agricultural productivity is often a key objective of extension services.
4. Essien Udim LGA
Local Government Area (LGA) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, known for its agricultural activities. This area serves as the geographical focus for studying the impact of extension services on youth engagement in agriculture.
5. Impact Assessment
The process of evaluating the effects and outcomes of extension services on youth engagement in agriculture. It involves analyzing changes in youth participation, agricultural practices, and productivity as a result of these services.
6. Agricultural Innovation
New methods, technologies, or practices introduced to improve agricultural efficiency and output. Extension services often facilitate the adoption of these innovations among youth to enhance their involvement and success in agriculture.
7. Capacity Building
Activities aimed at increasing the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of individuals or groups. In the context of extension services, capacity building focuses on empowering young people with the necessary tools and knowledge to actively participate in and contribute to the agricultural sector.
