CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
There exists a strong desire to have biological children, regardless of the prevailing trend favoring adoption. Globally, reports suggest that 8%–12% of couples experience infertility (Inhorn, 2003). However, the incidence varies across regions, with the highest rates in the infertility belt of Africa, including Nigeria (Araoye, 2003; Okonofua, 2003; Abarikwu, 2013). Unfortunately, approximately 50% of these infertility cases are linked to male factors (Onyeka et al., 2012). This alarming statistic may become increasingly concerning without proactive measures to address the underlying causes.
A precise diagnosis of male fertility typically relies on conventional semen analysis (Esbert et al., 2011). Nevertheless, recent critiques by clinicians and scientists highlight limitations in this conventional approach (Robinson et al., 2012; Osman et al., 2015). It has been noted that 25% of infertile couples receive a diagnosis of idiopathic infertility due to the constraints of conventional semen analysis (Lewis, 2015). Furthermore, couples with idiopathic infertility exhibit poorer outcomes in in vitro fertilization (IVF) compared to those with identifiable causes of infertility. Additionally, a significant number of men in this group demonstrate elevated sperm DNA damage (Oleszczuk et al., 2013; Simon et al., 2013).
Alcohol has been identified as a causative factor in male fertility. Long-term alcohol use has notable endocrine effects, particularly on gonads, influencing testosterone synthesis and consequently reducing sperm parameters (Martinez et al., 2009), as well as compromising the nuclear maturity and DNA integrity of spermatozoa (Talebi et al., 2011). A concerning finding by Chia et al. (2000) indicates that over 42% of men experiencing infertility are alcohol consumers (Chia et al., 2000). This presents a significant challenge in managing male factor infertility, given the addictive nature of alcohol and the tendency for patients to experience relapses (Vengeliene et al., 2008).
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1.2 Statement of the Problem
The impact of alcohol on male fertility is a critical concern that warrants thorough investigation and understanding due to its potential ramifications on reproductive health. One fundamental aspect of this issue is the reported influence of long-term alcohol use on the synthesis of testosterone, a key hormone essential for male reproductive function. Studies, such as those conducted by Martinez et al. (2009), have highlighted the adverse effects of alcohol on gonads, leading to a reduction in sperm parameters. This hormonal disruption raises questions about the long-term consequences of alcohol consumption on male reproductive capabilities and emphasizes the need for comprehensive research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Another facet of the problem lies in the impact of alcohol on the nuclear maturity and DNA integrity of spermatozoa. Talebi et al. (2011) have contributed valuable insights into this area, revealing that alcohol consumption may compromise the genetic material within sperm cells. The potential link between alcohol-induced DNA damage and male fertility poses a significant challenge in understanding the complexities of reproductive health. As advancements in assisted reproductive technologies continue, comprehending how alcohol may adversely affect the genetic quality of sperm becomes imperative for both clinical diagnosis and the development of effective intervention strategies.
Furthermore, the prevalence of alcohol consumption among men experiencing infertility, as reported by Chia et al. (2000), adds an additional layer of complexity to the problem. With over 42% of infertile men being consumers of alcohol, addressing this issue necessitates a multi-faceted approach that encompasses not only the physiological aspects of male fertility but also the behavioral patterns and potential addiction issues associated with alcohol use. Recognizing the high prevalence of alcohol consumption in this demographic emphasizes the need for targeted interventions and awareness campaigns to mitigate the impact of alcohol on male reproductive health and promote healthier lifestyle choices within the context of fertility.
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1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of alcohol consumption and male fertility. Specific objectives of the study are:
- To explore the causes of male fertility in Warri Metropolis.
- To examine the impact of alcohol consumption on male fertility in Warri metropolis.
- To proffer solutions to male fertility in Warri Metropolis.
- To examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and male fertility.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were formulated:
- What are the causes of male fertility using Warri Metropolis as a case study?
- What is the impact of alcohol consumption on male fertility using Warri Metropolis as a case study?
- What are the solutions to male fertility using Warri Metropolis as a case study?
- What is the relationship between alcohol consumption and male fertility?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:
Ho: There is no statistical significant relationship between alcohol consumption and male fertility.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:
Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the health sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors.
Secondly, the paper is also beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable productivity in the organisations used as a case study.
Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions, limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to Warri Metropolis. Findings and recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.
1.9 Organization of the Study
The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the significance and scope of the paper.
Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study.
Chapter Three centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis is discussed in this chapter.
Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data analyzed in the study.
Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all research questions set out in the study.
