CHAPTER ONE
INtroduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The family plays a crucial role in shaping the healthy development of children and teenagers, serving as a primary source of socialization (Kolip & Lademann, 2012). Through daily interactions within the family, young individuals acquire fundamental knowledge, skills, and attitudes that significantly impact their physical, social, and psychological well-being (Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), 2005). Numerous factors within the family, such as the bond with parents, emotional support, familial unity, parental stress, and parenting styles, have been extensively studied worldwide due to their significance in predicting the psychosocial development of children and adolescents (Egle et al., 2002; Erhart et al., 2007).
The concept of parenting style refers to a collection or framework of behaviors exhibited by parents during interactions with their children across various situations. It is believed that these behaviors contribute to the establishment of an effective and harmonious interactive environment (Cole et al., 2021). Parenting encompasses a wide range of approaches and practices, reflecting the considerable diversity within families. The influence of cultural backgrounds plays a significant role in shaping the dynamics of the family unit and determining how children are raised. Various factors such as immigration, diverse cultural, ethnic, and spiritual ideologies, socioeconomic status, and single-parent households contribute to the wide array of parenting styles observed in families (Sanvictores and Mendez, 2022).
Each parent adopts a distinct approach when it comes to interacting with and guiding their children, which significantly influences the development of their values, principles, and behavior. Researchers have categorized parenting styles into different psychological constructs, ranging from three to five or more. The scope of this article is limited to the examination of four distinct parenting categories: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. Each category represents a unique approach to child-rearing, and while parents generally fall into one specific category, they may exhibit characteristics from other categories as well. Furthermore, parenting styles can also vary depending on the situation at hand (Sanvictores and Mendez, 2022).
The way parents approach parenting, known as parenting style, is a crucial factor that significantly influences the development of children as well as their susceptibility to future psychological disorders. The way parents behave towards their children has long-term effects on their development, as certain parenting behaviors can pose risks to a child's mental health (Schneewind, 1995; Reitzle et al., 2001). Mental health disorders and emotional behavioral issues during childhood and adolescence can have a significant impact on the well-being and overall quality of life of individuals affected, persisting into adulthood (Klipker et al., 2018). Children are exposed to unfavorable conditions and their personality development is affected when parents struggle with emotional problems or life pressures, combined with a lack of understanding about how to raise their children, meet their developmental needs, and address their psychological well-being (Johnson and Greenberg, 2013).
Around the world, approximately 15% of individuals between the ages of 10 and 19 encounter mental health disorders, contributing to approximately 13% of the overall burden of disease in this specific age demographic. Childhood mental health problems are a widespread issue that significantly impacts families and society as a whole. Meta-analyses of surveys conducted in general population samples in Sub-Saharan Africa have revealed prevalence rates of childhood mental health problems ranging from 13% to 20% (Cortina et al., 2012). These problems encompass various conditions such as hyperactivity, anxiety/depressive disorders, and conduct disorders. Similarly, epidemiological surveys conducted in Nigeria have also indicated the common occurrence of childhood mental health problems.
Hence, it is crucial to explore protective factors in order to advance public health initiatives focused on prevention and health promotion. Specifically, the objective of this study is to examine the link between parenting styles and the mental well-being of children ranging from 1 to 16 years old in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The approaches employed by parents in raising their children play a crucial role in shaping their children’s mental well-being. Studies on behavioral disorders consistently suggest that these disorders are primarily influenced by parent-child interactions rather than solely being attributed to hereditary or biological factors. Furthermore, researchers have found a notable correlation between parental abuse and the development of behavioral disorders in children. This connection underscores the significant impact of family dynamics, particularly parental behavior during childhood, on the occurrence of behavioral disorders throughout childhood and into adulthood (Yang and Zhang, 2021).
While psychologists and theorists highlight the significance of parents and their parenting styles, there has been a notable lack of research exploring the relationship between parenting practices and the psychological well-being of children. Despite the influence of the broader environment and society on adolescents, it is the family that holds the greatest influence, as it serves as the primary institution where their personalities take shape. The family has a profound impact on the moral, cultural, and social development of children, making it a significant factor in children’s’ mental health and their overall upbringing.
Thus this study was undertaken to investigate the link between parenting styles and the mental well-being of children ranging from 1 to 16 years old in Nigeria.
1.3 Aim of the Study
The aim of the study was to investigate examine the link between parenting styles and the mental well-being of children ranging from 1 to 16 years old in Nigeria.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The study had the following specific objectives:
- To identify the current parenting styles in Nigeria.
- To examine the impact of parenting styles on the mental health of children aged 1-16years in Nigeria.
1.5 Research Questions
1. What are the current parenting styles in Nigeria?
2. What is the impact of parenting styles on the mental health of children aged 1-16years in Nigeria?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant relationship between parenting styles and the mental health of children aged 1-16 years in Nigeria
H1: There is a significant relationship between parenting styles and the mental health of children aged 1-16 years in Nigeria
1.7 Justification of the Study
The study on parenting styles and mental health of children between 1 to 16 years in Nigeria is important for several reasons. As mentioned earlier, there is a lack of research specifically focusing on the relationship between parenting styles and mental health outcomes in the Nigerian context. By conducting this study, we can fill this gap and contribute to the existing literature on parenting and mental health, providing insights and knowledge specific to Nigeria.
Parenting practices and styles can vary across different cultures and societies. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate this relationship within the Nigerian cultural context. Findings from this study can have important implications for policy development and interventions aimed at promoting positive parenting practices and improving children’s mental health in Nigeria.
The mental health of children Is a critical aspect of their overall well-being and development. Understanding the role of parenting styles in shaping children’s mental health outcomes can help identify factors that contribute to positive mental health and identify areas where interventions may be needed to address challenges and risks.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study will focus on the relationship between parenting styles and mental health outcomes in children aged 1 to 16 years in Nigeria. The study will involve collecting data from parents/caregivers and assessing their parenting styles.
