CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Corruption poses a significant and urgent problem for societies around the globe. Murray and Spalding (2015:1) argue that corruption is a primary cause of human suffering and deprivation, resulting in economic stagnation, inequality, and the erosion of public trust. Transparency International defines corruption as the misuse of entrusted power for personal gain (Anderson & Haywood 2009:20).
Myint (2000) identifies various corrupt behaviors, including bribery, extortion, fraud, embezzlement, nepotism, cronyism, misappropriation of public assets for private use, and influence peddling. Corruption is pervasive in politics, the government, business, and all aspects of social, economic, and political progress (Munzhedzi, 2016).
Corruption is a pervasive issue on a global scale, which has prompted the creation of international organizations and agreements focused on tackling this problem. Notable institutions like the United Nations, European Union, African Union, and various anti-corruption agencies (Alabi & Fashagba 2010; Webb 2005) collaborate to fight corruption and foster transparency. To assess the extent of corruption in different countries' public sectors, corruption perception indexes such as the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index are utilized. Within Africa, corruption is especially widespread, with a high perception of corruption prevailing throughout the continent, including in Nigeria.
Despite being rich in both human and material resources, Nigeria has been plagued by the destructive effects of corruption, which hinder its development. Dike (2011) concurs that Nigeria faces numerous unresolved problems, but the surge of corruption is particularly troubling. Muhammad et al., (2011) observe that despite Nigeria's abundance of human and natural resources, the country has experienced various inter-ethnic, intra-ethnic, and religious conflicts since gaining independence, which continue to impede its overall progress. It is worth noting that Nigeria had the potential to effectively combat poverty, yet it remains mired in impoverishment. The poverty endured by the masses is attributed to the rampant levels of corruption.
Nigeria, notwithstanding the strong religious beliefs held by its leaders and citizens, continues to struggle with poverty and pervasive corruption. Chuta (2004) discusses the religious nature of Nigerians, stating that:
"Even today, Nigerians can still be seen to be notoriously religious. They fill the thousands of churches and prayer houses on Sundays and Mosques on Fridays. Religious messages fly in the face of every citizen all over the country on weekends on television screens and on the radio channels. The music industry has continued to boom out of the production of lyrical religious songs in almost all Nigerian languages. These are all impressive manifestations of religiosity among Nigeria".
Despite the profound religious beliefs prevalent among Nigerians, the transformative power of religion does not seem to have a significant influence. Instead, corruption has become ingrained as a norm in Nigerian society. Ituma (2008) argues that corruption has unfortunately become a way of life in Nigerian society, a sentiment echoed by Chuta, who asserts that corruption has become the culture of the nation. No Nigerian citizen can exempt themselves from corruption, as everyone is involved in some form or another. Chuta states that no individual has ever denied their involvement in corruption, as it manifests in various ways throughout the country.
The pervasive corruption in Nigeria has had a profound impact on the nation's overall development. Corruption is a contributing factor to the country's underdevelopment, causing Nigeria to remain classified among the developing nations of the world. The influence of corruption extends across all sectors of society, affecting both the affluent elite and the impoverished, as well as the educated and the illiterate citizens (Chuta, 2004).
Despite continuous efforts by the government to combat corruption, the outcomes have proven to be unsatisfactory. The combined failure of leaders, citizens, and even religious institutions to effectively address corruption has led to a wide range of negative consequences. These consequences encompass a high incidence of poverty, unsustainable development, a damaged international reputation, the destruction of public and private assets, loss of innocent lives, increased insecurity, inadequate education, and various other challenges. In light of these circumstances, it becomes crucial to explore the potential roles that religious organizations can assume in combating corruption and managing religious crises in Nigeria. Religion possesses the ability to resonate with the moral compass of its adherents and shape their conduct, thereby serving as a potentially potent force in the battle against corruption. (Itauma et al., 2013).
Religious institutions, encompassing Christianity, Islam, and African Traditional Religions, possess a dual nature that can either contribute to or undermine societal progress. Throughout history, these faiths have established churches, educational institutions, and healthcare facilities, thereby contributing to the development of communities. However, the presence of corruption in Nigeria has diverted the nation's wealth into the hands of a privileged few, exacerbating poverty among the majority of the population. This situation raises pertinent questions regarding why corruption continues to persist in Nigeria, despite the country's strong religious fervor (Itauma et al., 2013).
Given the intricate nature of corruption, it is imperative to undertake comprehensive research aimed at identifying sustainable methods to combat corruption and promote development in Nigeria. The primary objective of this study is to delve into the issue of corruption in Nigeria and explore the potential role that religious institutions can play in addressing corruption. The study will focus on a specific case study, examining the Assemblies of God Church in the Uyo District of Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Religious institutions have long played vital roles in society that extend beyond their spiritual functions. They have been actively involved in areas such as education, healthcare, community development, and the promotion of moral values. When it comes to combating corruption, these organizations possess the potential to make significant contributions. They can do so by preaching against corrupt practices, advocating for ethical behavior, offering support to vulnerable individuals, and promoting good governance (Apenda, 2016).
One such religious organization is the Assemblies of God (AG), an international Pentecostal denomination (Cross & Livingstone, 2005). While the member denominations within the AG are fully independent and autonomous, they are unified by shared beliefs and history. The primary purpose of the AG is to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ in Nigeria and beyond, utilizing all scriptural means and relying on the power of the Holy Spirit. Additionally, the AG aims to encourage worship of God, foster fellowship among believers, and develop educational initiatives as deemed necessary for the church's proper growth and effectiveness (Assemblies of God Nigeria, 2023).
The Assemblies of God Church has a significant presence not only in the United States but also globally, including Nigeria. In Nigeria, the Assemblies of God Church holds a prominent position as one of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the country, boasting an extensive network of churches and districts. The organization of the Assemblies of God Church in Nigeria is structured around various districts. These districts operate under the authority of the General Council of the Assemblies of God and are accountable to the entire body in matters of doctrine and the personal conduct of ministers, churches, and members.
Each district is governed by a seven-member district presbytery, consisting of the District Superintendent, Assistant District Superintendent, District Secretary, District Treasurer, and three other Presbyters elected by the district triennial council meetings. The primary responsibility of the district presbytery is to oversee and supervise all the activities of the Assemblies of God within its designated area. Each district also has its own set of Bye-Laws that serve as guidelines for the believers and participants in the district (Believers Portal, 2016).
The Assemblies of God Church, Uyo District Headquarters, situated in Uyo, Nigeria, holds significant influence and boasts a substantial membership. Within this context, the church serves as a vital platform for creating awareness, promoting accountability, and cultivating a culture of integrity among its members and the broader community. Consequently, this study seeks to investigate and understand the specific role played by the Assemblies of God Church in combating corruption within the Uyo District.
1.3 Aim of the Study
The aim of this study is to explore the roles of the Assemblies of God Church in Uyo District in combating corruption in Nigeria.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives are as follows:
- To examine the perception of corruption among members of the Assemblies of God Church in Uyo District.
- To analyze the strategies and initiatives employed by the Assemblies of God Church in Uyo District to combat corruption.
- To assess the impact of the Assemblies of God Church's anti-corruption efforts on its congregation and the wider community.
1.5 Research Questions
- What is the level of awareness among members of the Assemblies of God Church, Uyo District, regarding the issue of corruption in Nigeria?
- What specific initiatives or programs has the Assemblies of God Church, Uyo District, implemented to combat corruption in Nigeria?
- How effective have these initiatives and programs been in creating awareness and addressing corruption?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
H0: The Assemblies of God Church, Uyo District, plays a significant role in combating corruption in Nigeria.
Ha: The Assemblies of God Church, Uyo District, does not play a significant role in combating corruption in Nigeria.
1.7 Justification of the Study
Examining the role of the Assemblies of God Church, Uyo District, in combating corruption will provide insights into the potential influence of religious institutions in addressing societal issues. Moreso, understanding how religious organizations like the Assemblies of God Church contribute to the fight against corruption will contribute to developing effective strategies and interventions to address this issue.
Ultimately, this study will contribute to the existing literature on the intersection of religion, ethics, and corruption. It will provide empirical evidence and insights that can contribute to academic discussions and debates on the role of religious organizations in combating corruption.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The study will focus specifically on the role of the Assemblies of God Church, Uyo District, Nigeria in combating corruption.
