CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Alcoholic beverages have gained widespread popularity across the globe and are considered socially acceptable in various recreational and ceremonial contexts (Wackernah et al., 2014). According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2018), nearly 60% of individuals aged 15 and above worldwide reported consuming alcoholic drinks within a one-year period.
Alcohol, a substance that has been consumed by humans for many centuries, is sought after for its ability to induce unique bodily sensations and is deeply ingrained in diverse cultures worldwide (Omoegun and Alli, 2020). Throughout history, there has been a prevalent association between alcohol consumption and males. Men globally consume more alcohol and are responsible for a greater number of alcohol-related harms to themselves and others compared to women. In 2016, approximately 54% of males (1.46 billion) and 32% of females (0.88 billion) aged 15 and older consumed alcohol on a global scale (WHO, 2018).
Although gender disparities in alcohol consumption are observed globally, the extent of these disparities varies across countries and cultures. For instance, the male-to-female ratio for current drinking ranges from 1:1 in New Zealand and Norway to 12.3:1 in India, indicating significant differences (Ritchie and Roser, 2020; WHO, 2018; Wilsnack et al., 2009). These substantial variations between countries suggest that culturally prescribed gender roles, beyond mere biological differences, play a crucial role in shaping gender-specific drinking behaviors.
In Nigeria, data from 2016 reveals that males aged 15 and above had a recorded per capita alcohol consumption of 32.7 liters of pure alcohol, while females consumed 12.2 liters. This indicates a higher prevalence of alcohol consumption among males compared to females (WHO, 2018). The Uyo Metropolis, located in Nigeria, is no exception, with alcohol consumption being a common practice among men.
Alcohol consumption holds significant economic importance in Nigeria, as consumers spent nearly one trillion naira in 2016 alone (Adebowale, 2019). According to federal statisticians, the Southeast region of Nigeria accounted for an expenditure of 44 billion naira on alcohol consumption, second only to the South-South region (Adebowale, 2019).
In rural societies, alcohol consumption is generally viewed as a norm, particularly when individuals consume it without becoming intoxicated. Traditional societies have a history of consuming various types of wine, spirits, and other fermented alcoholic beverages, a practice that continues in present-day societies.
There are diverse motivations behind the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Some individuals consume beverages like palm wine and burukutu for pleasure. These drinks are often preferred when freshly tapped or brewed (Odejide, 1999; Odejide, 2006). In the past, these beverages were typically not sold in markets (WHO, 2002).
While alcohol consumption has a longstanding tradition, excessive intake of alcohol was generally not widely tolerated in the past, with only a few communities permitting it (Willis, 2006). The rise in alcohol consumption has been attributed to various factors, including the influence of media, advertising, sophisticated marketing techniques, and a lack of comprehensive alcohol policies in many societies (Dumbili, 2014; Nwosu, 2017).
Heavy alcohol consumption characterized by consuming more than 3 and 4 drinks in a day or exceeding 7 and 14 drinks per week for women and men respectively, has been linked to detrimental effects on human health. It is associated with negative consequences such as increased risk of traffic accidents and changes in social behaviors, which can have severe impacts on personal, social, and professional aspects of life (Rehm et al., 2009).
From a clinical perspective, alcohol consumption has been found to be correlated with a higher incidence of various health conditions. These include different types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, birth defects, and psychiatric disorders (Finelli et al., 2021).
Alcohol abuse can lead to the development of alcohol dependence, which is a complex and dynamic process influenced by both biological and socioenvironmental factors (Trudell et al., 2014; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder, 2021). Generally, alcohol exerts its effects by suppressing the activity of the nervous system.
This becomes evident during withdrawal after a prolonged period of alcohol abuse. Abstinence is characterized by an overactive nervous system, resulting in symptoms such as rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), high blood pressure (hypertension), excessive sweating, tremors, and convulsions (Mukherjee, 2013). Additionally, individuals may experience rapid mood swings, irritability, restlessness, anxiety, sleep disturbances, an inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia), and a decrease in pain tolerance (Koob and Colrain, I2020).
Alcohol consumption poses a significant public health concern as it is a leading cause of death worldwide (WHO, 2018) there is substantial evidence indicating a clear link between alcohol consumption and mental health and well-being across various populations (Stranges et al., 2014; Awaworyi and Farrell, 2017; Jones et al. 2013). Several studies have explored the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental health outcomes in various contexts.
Excessive or problematic alcohol use can worsen pre-existing mental health issues and contribute to the development of new ones. Moreover, it can have detrimental effects on various aspects of individuals' overall well-being, including social relationships, occupational functioning, and financial stability.
While mental health and well-being are influenced by multiple factors such as interpersonal relationships, medication, spirituality, exercise, and diet, this report specifically focuses on examining the influence of alcohol consumption on the mental health and well-being of men in the Uyo Metropolis.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Research has indicated that the relationship between alcohol consumption and mental health and well-being is multifaceted and appears to vary based on gender (Murphy et al., 2005; Murphy et al.,2006). To gain a deeper understanding of this association within the specific demographic of men in the Uyo Metropolis, this study aims to investigate the impact of alcohol consumption on the mental health and well-being of men in this region.
The Uyo Metropolis in Nigeria serves as a unique and specific context for examining the relationship between alcohol consumption and men's mental health. The city's cultural and social dynamics, as well as the local norms and expectations related to alcohol use, can significantly influence the patterns of alcohol consumption and its effects on the mental health and well-being of individuals.
In spite of existing research on the correlation between alcohol consumption and mental health outcomes, there is a notable research gap regarding the influence of alcohol consumption on the mental health and well-being of men in the Uyo Metropolis. While studies have examined this relationship in various contexts, such as among youths in Oyo Metropolis and middle-aged individuals in Copenhagen, there is a dearth of research specifically focused on the male population in the Uyo Metropolis.
This highlights the urgent need for a study that explicitly explores the association between alcohol consumption and mental health outcomes among men in the Uyo Metropolis. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of how alcohol use impacts mental well-being in this specific population is crucial for developing targeted interventions and support systems.
1.3 Aim of the Study
The aim of this study is to examine the influence of alcohol consumption on mental health and well-being of men in Uyo Metropolis.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are as follows:
- To assess the prevalence and patterns of alcohol consumption among men in Uyo Metropolis.
- 2. To examine the influence of alcohol on the mental health status and well-being of men in Uyo Metropolis.
1.5 Research Questions
The study will address the following research questions:
- What is the prevalence and patterns of alcohol consumption among men in Uyo Metropolis?
- How does alcohol consumption influence the mental health and well-being of men in Uyo Metropolis?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
H0: Alcohol consumption does not have a significant influence on mental health and well-being of men in Uyo Metropolis.
Ha: Alcohol consumption has a significant influence on mental health and well-being of men in Uyo Metropolis.
1.7 Justification of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it addresses a crucial gap in the existing literature by focusing specifically on the influence of alcohol consumption on the mental health and well-being of men in Uyo Metropolis. Understanding the unique challenges and dynamics faced by this population is essential for developing targeted interventions and strategies to promote positive mental health outcomes.
Secondly, the study contributes to the broader discourse on alcohol-related issues and mental health, particularly in the Nigerian context. By examining the specific factors that influence alcohol consumption patterns and mental health outcomes in Uyo Metropolis, the findings can inform policy and program development at the local, regional, and national levels.
Lastly, the study has practical implications for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders. The insights gained from this research can guide the development of preventive measures, early interventions, and support services that address the mental health needs of men who consume alcohol in Uyo Metropolis.
1.8 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on men residing in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria, and examines the influence of alcohol consumption on their mental health and well-being. The study will collect data on alcohol consumption patterns, mental health indicators, and relevant sociodemographic variables among a sample of men in Uyo Metropolis. The research will employ quantitative research methods to gather and analyze data. The study's findings will provide insights specific to the study population.
